1. Do Now 3/26/15 1.How are nonspecific defenses different than specific defenses? 2.How does a fever help protect the body from pathogens? 3.Which types of nonspecific defense involves the pathogens being consumed by a human cell? 4.How do antibodies support the body’s immune system?

2. By the end of class today, we will be able to… Describe the types of antibodies, their purposes, and how they help fight infections Describe the types and effectiveness of vaccines

3. Antibodies (Immunoglobulin) Once antibodies are created, they have many ways of fighting off foreign particles: Agglutination – antigens and antibodies clumping together which increases phagocytosis of the antigen Neutralization – antibodies bind to the toxic portions of the antigen and neutralize their effects

4. Antibodies…ACTIVATE! Certain antibodies can activate complement system and do the following things: Complement = a group of proteins activated by IgM or IgG to help antibodies 1.Opsonization: “Marks” the antigens with a opsonin protein to enhance the phagocytosis of antigens 2.Lysis: Rupturing the cell membrane and destroying the cells containing foreign antigens 3.Chemotaxis: Attracting macrophages and Neutrophils to the location 4.Alter the molecular structure of viruses

5. 5 Types of Antibodies (Immunoglobulin) Made by B cells (type of lymphocyte) 1.IgG: Helps fight bacteria, viruses and toxins. Activates complement. 2.IgA: Found in exocrine excretions to fight particles in tears, stomach juices, bile and urine. 3.IgM: Recognize food and bacteria antigens in the blood. Activates complement. Helps agglutinate or clump antigens. 4.IgD: Found mostly on infants and helps active B cells. 5.IgE: Found in exocrine excretions and creates allergic reactions (hives, asthma, hay fever, etc.)

6. Who Am I?

7. Memory Cells Lymphocytes (T and B cells) create memory cells during activation that can stay in the body for years or an entire lifetime Serves as instructions of how to fight off that antigen in the future “Memory” of the immune system The first time you get infected, your body has a primary response Slow, takes many days to form because your body is trying to figure out how to fight off the foreign infection and creating the T and B cells for the first time The second time you get infected, your body has memory cells so the secondary response is much faster because the body can activate quicker, therefore you usually won’t get sick This is called IMMUNITY!!

8. Types of Immunity Active immunity – a person has to fight off the infection by making their own antibodies and lymphocytes. These last a long time because you will also create memory cells when you make the T and B cells Passive immunity – a person is given antibodies to fight the infection but does not create them themselves Since they didn’t make any T or B cells, they don’t have any memory cells and thus the immunity only lasts a short time until the antibodies break down Ex: antibodies passed from mother to baby

9. Vaccines Most vaccines are artificially created active immunities A person is injected with a virus or bacteria that has been made very weak or is dead The body reacts to the foreign particles and creates T and B cells (with memory cells) to develop immunity, without getting sick Sometimes a person can get sick but this rarely happens and the benefits > risks Tough diseases sometimes require multiple shots over time, each getting stronger to build up the immunity slowly (ex: rabies)

10. Can you be too clean? Many parents are afraid to let their kids play in the dirt and get sick when they are young. While it is important that we protect our children, not letting them interact with dirt or ever get sick can have really bad consequences. Discuss why children need to interact with dirt and get sick sometimes in order to build up their immune system and not have the issues later in life we see from overly-sheltered children. http://www.nbcnews.com/video/nightly- news/49336057#49336057

11. Are vaccines and Autism correlated? Many parents are afraid to give their children vaccines because they worry about bad things happening to their kids that they hear about in the media. While it is possible that you can get sick from a living vaccine, it is very rare. Find 2-3 reputable sources debating this issue. Discuss whether or not you believe it is important to give your children vaccines. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/patient- ed/conversations/downloads/not-vacc-risks-bw-office.pdf