1. Chapter 6: Duel For North America 1608-1763 “A torch lighted in the forests of America set all Europe in conflagration.” – Voltaire, c. 1756 This quote is saying that something, either and idea or conflict, if started in Europe with spread to throughout Europe. Example: If rebellion or war in Americas could result in rebellion or war in Europe.

2. France Finds a Foothold in Canada France was a latecomer to seek New World Land and was involved in civil & religious wars (Catholics v. Huguenots/Calvinists). St. Bartholomew’s Day 1572–10,000 Huguenots killed in cold blood. [Henry Navarre (Huguenot) was getting married on that day – later became King Henry IV of France and converted to Catholicism (had to be Catholic in France to be King).] Edict of Nantes – 1598 –Issued by crown –Granted limited tolerance of Protestants –Civil rights to Huguenots in France –Allowed France to focus on other things Peace ensued and France gained power under King Louis XIV, who had been ruling since he was 5

3. France Finds a Foothold in Canada, cont. France began to look for permanent settlements in America Samuel D. Champlain “ Father of New France” helped establish Quebec (1608) along the Saint Lawrence Champlain befriended Huron, helped them in battle vs. the Iroquois, made Iroquois hate French. New France (Canada) was controlled by King Population grew slowly  1750 – 60,000 pop. (Huguenots accepted in France so they didn’t need to leave for Canada)

4. New France Fans Out Beaver pelts from New France were highly valuable. Coureurs de Bois (runners of the woods), free spirited, responsible for naming Baton Rouge (red stick), Terre Haute (highland), Des Moines (some monks) and Grand Teton (big breast) Recruited Indians for fur trading – disease, liquor started to kill natives off French Catholic missionaries tried to covert natives, not successful. Jesuit missionaries served as explorers and geographers. Antoine Cadillac founded Detroit “City of Straits”– 1701 La Salle-1682 named Louisiana for Louis XIV after sailing down the Mississippi. France tried to block Spain out of the Gulf of Mexico, set up several trading posts in Mississippi and Louisiana. Well known posts: Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Vincennes

5. New France Fans Out, cont. French Catholic missionaries tried to covert natives, not successful. Jesuit missionaries served as explorers and geographers. Antoine Cadillac founded Detroit “City of Straits”– 1701 La Salle-1682 named Louisiana for Louis XIV after sailing down the Mississippi. France tried to block Spain out of the Gulf of Mexico, set up several trading posts in Mississippi and Louisiana. Well known posts: Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Vincennes

6. The Clash of Empires English, French & Spanish = 3 main empires on the world stage. (1688-1763) – 4 major wars in Europe Counting 1st 4 wars  9 World Wars since 1688 The first two wars in America were King Williams War (1689-1697) and Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) Native Americans tomahawked entire towns – NY, SC, & Deerfield, MA English gained Acadia (Nova Scotia)

7. The Clash of Empires, cont. Peace of Utrecht (1713) England rewarded with Acadia, Newfoundland & Hudson Bay England gained trading rights in Spanish America War of Jenkins’s Ear (1739) occurred between England & Spain (although confined to the Caribbean Sea and Georgia), merged with War of Austrian Succession in Europe (in America, King George’s War) France allied with Spain, bad for American Colonies, New Englanders invaded New France, captured Louisburg (Cape Breton Island) with help of British fleet Peace treaty (1748) gave Louisburg back to France

8. George Washington Inaugurates War with France British and French fought over the Ohio Valley to gain more land. 1749- group of English colonists mostly from VA (including Washington family) secured 500,000 acres of Valley 1754 the governor of VA, sent George Washington, 21-year-old surveyor as lieutenant colonel to Ohio Country commanding 150 men

9. George Washington Inaugurates War with France, cont. There, encountered French troops near Fort Duquesne, lead to gunfire, French leader killed = French retreat French came back to siege Washington’s Fort Necessity, Washington surrendered July 4th 1754 after 10 hour battle British deported French Acadians all the way to Louisiana (Cajuns) – 4,000 from Nova Scotia Called “Great Displacement” – caused by G. Washington

10. Global War and Colonial Disunity French & Indian War started 1754 (7 Year’s War in Europe) fought in Americas, Europe, West Indies, Caribbean, Philippines, Africa & on the seven seas. 2. Europe: England & Prussia v. France, Spain, Austria & Russia 3. France & allies beat in Germany by Frederick the Great – luckily, France had no more power to fight in new world.

11. Global War and Colonial Disunity, cont. 1754 Albany Congress held in Albany, NY. 7 of 13 colonies sent delegates; main idea of convention: keep natives on British side. Lead by Ben Franklin (pushed for home rule), he published most famous cartoon of era in Pennsylvania Gazette (“Join, or Die”)

12. Braddock’s Blundering and It’s Aftermath General “Bulldog” Braddock sent to colonies, 1755 with 2,000 men to conquer Fort Duquesne. Expedition slow, many British injured (Braddock mortally) – G. Washington had 2 horses shot, 4 bullet holes in coat. G. Washington defended frontier w/ 300 men 1756 British invasion of Canada, didn’t succeed

13. Pitt’s Palms of Victory William Pitt (“the Great Commoner”) known as passionate orator, well loved by commoners, very patriotic 1757 was Prime Minister of London – decided to concentrate on Canada in war (Quebec-Montreal area), picked young leaders 1st major expedition dispatch, 1758 Louisburg (fell to British) – victory FINALLY! Quebec (1759) – Pitt chose James Wolfe (32 years old) – defeated French (Marquis de Montcalm), both leaders fatally wounded

14. Pitt’s Palms of Victory, cont. Battle of Quebec very significant – Montreal fell 1760 (last time French flag waved in Canada) 1763 (Peace of Paris) – no French power in North America Spain gave FL to England for Cuba in return Great Britain = dominant power in North America & best naval power in WORLD.

15. French and Indian War Results Boost in colonial confidence England treated Americans poorly; British were mad at contempt shown by colonies, during war Britain forbade the colonies from trading with Caribbean. Native Americans became lesser threat because they were unable to pin rivals against each other. Benign/ Salutary Neglect Land restrictions due to Proclamation of 1763- no settling beyond Appalachian Mountains.

16. Restless Colonists French & Indian War – made colonial esteem go up & shattered British “invincibility” Hostility between British officers & colonials they commanded – British refused to give a rank higher than captain to American soldiers General Wolfe referred to militias as “dirtiest and cowardly”, but had victory at Quebec.

17. Restless Colonists, cont. Americans believed they deserved credit for their duties Some colonials wouldn’t trade or refused to provide troops with $ (but bribed by Pitt later to give $) Curse of intercolonial disunity – geography, diff. nationalities, conflicting religions & diff. govn’t During French & Indian War – colonials came together

18. War’s Fateful Aftermath France hoped since their efforts in America failed maybe Britain’s would, too. History of US began w/ fall of Quebec & Montreal Spanish eliminated from FL – Indians eliminated from territory- Treaty of Paris British officer ordered blankets w/ smallpox as tactic to infect & kill Indians Americans could now go over Appalachians & explore west more – ex. Daniel Boone

19. War’s Fateful Aftermath, cont. Proclamation of 1763 (British issued) said could not settle beyond Appalachian mountain range – really angered colonists 1765- 1,000 wagons went through Salisbury, NC. X 1000 = a lot of wagons!

20. Political “World Wars 1-4” Albany Convention Franklins plan Great displacement Proclamation of 1763 Peace of Paris Colonies spread St. Bartholomew’s day massacre Pragmatic Sanction Balance of Powers Edict of Nantes Land expansion “Join or Die”

21. Social “World Wars 1-4” Great displacement Scalping Colonies SSt. Bartholomew’s day massacre Land expansion “Join or Die”

22. Economic - “World Wars 1-4” - Great displacement - Scalping - Colonies - Fur trade - Trade restrictions - Smuggling - Champlain - La Salle - Land expansion

23. Key Figures Robert de la Salle William Pitt

24. Robert de la Salle When- 1643–1687 Who: French explorer in North America What Discovered New France Searched for a northwest passage 1st European to sail down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico claimed the Mississippi River Basin called "the Father of the Louisiana Territory." March 20, 1687 La Salle was assassinated in Texas by three of his own men

25. Robert de la Salle, cont. How Attended Jesuit schools Left training for exploration Sailed for Canada planning to be a farmer Became an explorer for France.

26. William Pitt When 1708-1778 Where England Positive Prime Minister of England “Organizer of Victory” Enabled Great Britain to become the dominant power in North America by his involvement in strategies for the British in the French and Indian War

27. William Pitt, cont. Facts Was the Earl of Chatham His son is distinguished from him by being known as William Pitt the Younger How His major role in the French and Indian War was making the decision to concentrate on attacking the Quebec-Montreal area, and less on the French West Indies He sent an expedition to capture the fort at Louisburg, which was the first significant British victory of the war