1. INTRODUCTION TO WATER RESOURCES

12. ARTESIAN WELLSINK HOLE

13. This is a picture of the San Joaquin Valley in the agricultural area of California. Years and years of pumping ground water for irrigation has caused the land to drop. The top sign shows where the land surface was back in 1925! Compare that to where the man is standing (about 1976).

14. ASPECT OF WATER QUALITY pH/acidity/alkali nity/redox hardness dissolved oxygen chemical oxygen demand biological oxygen demand nitrogen and phosphorus heavy metals pesticides dissolved and total solids organic solvents etc.

15. Water Quality Problems 1. Organic Pollution 2. Eutrophication 3. Acidification 4. Toxic contamination 5. Etc. Physical - T/ radio./partic./col./etc Chemical -organic / inorganic Biological - waterborn diseases etc Natural Man-made

16. Uses of Water Agriculture Aquaculture Communication Domestic water supply Industry Recreation etc.

17. Water Quality Assessment Monitoring Hydrology Physico-chemistry Biology Site selection / Sampling / Analysis / Database / Interpretation / Report

18. All freshwater bodies are interconnected via hydrologic cycle River uni-directional av. Flow rate 0.1-1.0 m/s continuous vertical mixing vert.mixing >> horiz. mixing Lake av. Surface veloc. 0.001-0.01 m/s water residence time up to 100’s yrs multi-directional currents alternative periods of stratification and vert. mixing Groundwater steady either direction or flow rate av. flow rate 10 -10 -10 -3 m/s poor mixing diverse groundwater dynamics

19. Rivers Karstic aquifer Hyporheic zone Alluvial aquifer Marshes Flood plain Lakes Groundwaters Reservoirs Land surface