1. COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE AND INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY And we begin with the PAST…

2. BIOLOGY Bios (Greek) = Logos (Greek) = Life Study

3. 8.Responds Characteristics of Life? 1.Move Use Food? Get Bigger? Gives Off? Make More? Form? Chemistry? Environment? Motile? 2.Energy 3.Grow 4.Wastes 5.Reproduce 6.1 or + Cells 7.Complex

4. 8.Responds Characteristics of Life? 1.Move 2.Energy 3.Grow 4.Wastes 5.Reproduce 6.1 or + Cells 7.Complex

5. BIOLOGY - ZOOLOGY - BOTANY Two Sub-fields:

6. BOTANY Botane (Greek) = Logos (Greek) = Plant Study

7. ZOOLOGY Zoon (Greek) = Logos (Greek) = Animal Study

8. Subdivisions of Zoology Anatomy Biochemistry Cytology Ecology Embryology Endocrinology Entomology Evolution Genetics Herpetology Histology Ichthyology Morphology Ornithology Paleontology Parasitology Physiology Taxonomy Zoogeography

9. TAXONOMY Can you define the term? - the science of classifying all living things by arranging them in groups according to the relationship of each to the others.

10. TAXONOMY Stop here and complete Bertie Bott’s Classification Key Activity

11. TAXONOMY Original classification schemes: - were based on the idea of “fixity of species”. - were based on similar external features.

12. Carolus Linnaeus - first to catalog organisms based on the function of a structure. Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778

13. Carolus Linnaeus - later others added the origin of the structure as a criteria. Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778

14. - Was the structure from independent evolution? Origin of a structure Euphorbia – African Desert Cactus – Mexican Desert

15. - Or was it from a common ancestor? Origin of a structure Ostrich - AfricaRhea – S. America

16. Is the structure an Analogous structure or an Homologous Structure?

17. - different internal structure Analogous Structures - no common evolutionary origin - have similar functions

18. - have a similar evolutionary origin Homologous Structures - but may have different functions

20. The modern Linnaean system assumes that the more homologies two species share… the closer they must be in terms of evolutionary distance.

21. The closer they are in terms of evolutionary distance… the more likely they will be in similar classification groups.

23. Linnaean System Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species - Animalia - Chordata - Mammalia - Primates - Hominidae - Homo - sapiens

24. Linnaean System Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species - Animalia - Chordata - Mammalia - Primates - Hominidae - Homo - sapiens

25. Kingdoms? In Ancient times: 1 Animalia Woof !

26. Kingdoms? In Ancient times: 1 Animalia 2 Plantae

27. Kingdoms? By 1969 we had... 1 Animalia 2 Plantae 3 4 Protista 5 Monera 3 Fungi

28. Kingdoms? Today: 1 Animalia 2 Plantae 3 Fungi 4 Protista 6 Eubacteria 5 Archaebacteria 1 - 4 = Cell Type? 5 - 6 = Cell Type? 1 - 4 = Eukaryotic 5 - 6 = Prokaryotic 6 ? 5 ?

29. Archaebacteria Eubacteria Amoeboids Euglenoids Dinoflagellates Brown Algaes Red Algaes Green Plants Fungi Animalia Major Groups

30. Sympathy for the life of bacteria If you were bacteria: - You have only 0.001 th as much DNA as a eukaryotic cell. - You live in a medium which has a viscosity about equal to asphalt. - You have a wonderful "motor" for swimming. Unfortunately, your motor can only run in two directions and at one speed. In forward, you are propelled in one direction at 30 mph. In reverse your motor makes you turn flips or tumble. You can only do one or the other. You cannot stop. - While you can "learn", you divide every twenty minutes and have to restart your education.

31. - You can have sex, with males possessing a sexual apparatus for transferring genetic information to receptive females. However, since you are both going 30 mph it is difficult to find each other. Furthermore, if you are male, nature gave you a severe problem. Every time you mate with a female, she turns into a male. In bacteria, "maleness" is an infective venereal disease. - Also, at fairly high frequencies, spontaneous mutations cause you to turn into a female. Sympathy for the life of bacteria If you were bacteria:

32. Origins of Archaebacteria and Eubacteria? Ancient Conditions on Earth? - No Oxygen (Term?) - Hot (Effect on Protein?) Anerobic Cooling Temps Allow What? Denature Stable proteins = better adaptation

33. Thermal Proteins & Fatty Acids Anerobic Click For Video

34. Archaebacteria Eubacteria Anerobic

35. Archaebacteria Eubacteria

36. PlantaeAnimalia Fungi Protista Animal-like Protists Fungus-like Protists Plant-like Protists Archaebacteria Eubacteria

37. PlantaeAnimalia Fungi Protista Animal-like Protists Fungus-like Protists Plant-like Protists Archaebacteria Eubacteria

38. Order Family Genus Species Kingdom Phylum Class

39. Classification 1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)

40. Classification 1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals) 2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)

41. Classification 1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals) 2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods) 3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)

42. Classification 1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals) 2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods) 3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans) 4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)

43. Classification 1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals) 2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods) 3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans) 4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods) 5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)

44. Classification 1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals) 2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods) 3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans) 4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods) 5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs) (AR-muh-DIL-uh-DY-uh-dee)

45. Classification 1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals) 2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods) 3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans) 4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods) 5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs) 6 Genus - Armadillidium

46. Classification 1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals) 2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods) 3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans) 4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods) 5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs) 6 Genus - Armadillidium (AR-muh-DIL-uh-DEE-um)

47. Classification 1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals) 2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods) 3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans) 4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods) 5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs) 6 Genus - Armadillidium 7 Species - nasatum

48. Classification 1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals) 2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods) 3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans) 4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods) 5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs) 6 Genus - Armadillidium 7 Species - nasatum Species Name ?

49. Classification 1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals) 2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods) 3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans) 4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods) 5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs) 6 Genus - Armadillidium 7 Species - nasatum Species Name - Armadillidium nasatum

50. Binomial Nomenclature - Two Latin names; genus & species, to designate each type of organism

51. Species name: ex: Homo sapiens, or "man who is wise" Homo is our genus sapiens is our species

52. - if two organisms can mate and produce fertile offspring, they are probably members of the same species. Define “Species” ?

53. A few thoughts about life over the long term...

54. Supernovas can occur approx. every 50,000 years and can bombard this planet with up to 700 roentgens of radiation.

55. Most forms of life can not survive over 500 roentgens.

56. 99% of all plant and animal species that have ever existed on this planet have already become extinct.

57. Large animals, including humans, are freakishly rare life forms, since 99% of all known animal species are smaller than bumble bees.

58. Just THINK about that for a moment...