2. Harlandale HS Department of Biology Presents: Biomolecules

3. Organ Systems Compounds Biomolecules Organs Tissues Cell Parts Organelles Cells Landscapes Organisms Populations Biological Communities Ecosystems Biomes Biosphere Atoms Protons Neutrons Electrons Emergent properties arise at each new level Hierarchy of Biological Organization Life

4. Biomolecules Biomolecules are substances that are found in living things: they have functions and form parts of cells. Biomolecules are substances that are found in living things: they have functions and form parts of cells. There are only 4 groups of biomolecules, but there are countless types: There are only 4 groups of biomolecules, but there are countless types: –Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids

5. Carbohydrates The first group of biomolecules is called Carbohydrates. The first group of biomolecules is called Carbohydrates. Have you heard of these? Have you heard of these? Carbohydrates are the gasoline for the body. They give you energy. Carbohydrates are the gasoline for the body. They give you energy.

6. Simple Carbohydrates Simple Carbs Simple Carbs

7. Complex Carbohydrates

8. Categories of Carbohydrates

9. Carbohydrates/Sugars Sugars – these are simple molecules that your body can break down very quickly to give you instant energy. The names of sugars always end in –ose. Sugars – these are simple molecules that your body can break down very quickly to give you instant energy. The names of sugars always end in –ose. Most sugars are sweet although some are not Sugars are good for you unless you eat too much. Too much and you may want to explode! Just kidding.

10. Biomolecules  Carbohydrates  Sugars  Glucose Glucose is the simplest sugar. It is the sugar that gives energy to our cells. All other sugars must be broken down into glucose before the energy is available. Glucose is the simplest sugar. It is the sugar that gives energy to our cells. All other sugars must be broken down into glucose before the energy is available. When a doctor talks about your blood sugar levels, he is referring to the amount of glucose in your blood available to give energy to your cells. When a doctor talks about your blood sugar levels, he is referring to the amount of glucose in your blood available to give energy to your cells. Note that glucose ends in –ose. Note that glucose ends in –ose.

11. Simple sugars Simple sugars

12. Complex sugars are simple sugars hooked together. Complex sugars are simple sugars hooked together. If you combine a glucose and a fructose, you get sucrose. Glucose and fructose are both simple sugars and sucrose is a complex sugar If you combine a glucose and a fructose, you get sucrose. Glucose and fructose are both simple sugars and sucrose is a complex sugar Did you notice that all the sugars’ names end in –ose? Did you notice that all the sugars’ names end in –ose?

13. One glucose and one fructose make sucrose. But, what is sucrose? One glucose and one fructose make sucrose. But, what is sucrose? What Does Sucrose Look Like?

14. Sugars come in many types Sucrose is the sugar that we put on our cereal or in our tea In addition to the sucrose that we all use so often, there are many other sugars. In addition to the sucrose that we all use so often, there are many other sugars. Examples are: Glucose, fructose, lactose, galactose, cellulose, and many others. Examples are: Glucose, fructose, lactose, galactose, cellulose, and many others. How does sugar make you feel? How does sugar make you feel? Maybe that is a bit too much. Maybe that is a bit too much.

15. How are sugars related to one another? You can see that simple sugars are very similar in structure. You can see that simple sugars are very similar in structure. As we said before, simple sugars combine to form complex sugars. As we said before, simple sugars combine to form complex sugars. Sugars combine to form the complex carbohydrates called starches. Sugars combine to form the complex carbohydrates called starches.

16. We saw it before, but let’s review the different types of starches. These are starches. These are starches.

17. Starches – these are more complex molecules that must be broken down into glucose before they can provide energy. These take longer to provide energy than sugars do. Starches – these are more complex molecules that must be broken down into glucose before they can provide energy. These take longer to provide energy than sugars do. Starches take up less space than the same amount of glucose. They allow you to take in more energy than if you ate the same amount of glucose. Starches take up less space than the same amount of glucose. They allow you to take in more energy than if you ate the same amount of glucose.

18. What are some examples of starches? What are some examples of starches? Bread, pasta, rice, potatoes, tortillas, etc. Bread, pasta, rice, potatoes, tortillas, etc. What happens to the starches in your digestive system? What happens to the starches in your digestive system? They are broken down into glucose to provide energy to the cells. They are broken down into glucose to provide energy to the cells.

19. Can you believe these are all forms of stored glucose?

20. Starches Starches are forms of stored ________. Starches are forms of stored ________. Glucose Glucose Starches must be broken down into _____ before it can be used. Starches must be broken down into _____ before it can be used. Glucose Glucose Which is quicker to provide energy, starch or sugar? Which is quicker to provide energy, starch or sugar? Glucose Glucose

21. The next group of biomolecules is protein Proteins do not give you energy! Proteins do not give you energy! Proteins are the building materials that make up much of the body Proteins are the building materials that make up much of the body What parts of the body are made of protein? What parts of the body are made of protein? Muscle, hair, nails, enzymes, many blood components Muscle, hair, nails, enzymes, many blood components

23. More Protein

24. Notice the Protein on this kid’s hair

26. Enzymes are proteins, but what do they do? They speed up chemical reactions. They either break down or produce substances. Without enzymes, chemical reactions in our body would be too slow and we would die

27. These are red blood cells. They contain a protein called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin carries oxygen.

28. Proteins Proteins are made of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. Proteins are made of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. This is why proteins contain the element nitrogen and carbohydrates don’t.

29. The next group of biomolecules is called Lipids.

30. Lipids Comprised of fats, oils, and waxes. Comprised of fats, oils, and waxes. They store a lot of energy in a small space. They store a lot of energy in a small space.

31. Lipids They contain the highest amount of energy of any of the food groups. They contain the highest amount of energy of any of the food groups. When the food runs out your body can use the fat to give you the energy to go find more food. When the food runs out your body can use the fat to give you the energy to go find more food.

32. Other uses for lipids Insulation – It can keep an organism warm in a cold environment. Insulation – It can keep an organism warm in a cold environment. Cushion – For protection from damage. Cushion – For protection from damage. Ear wax – Protects the ear canal from invaders. Ear wax – Protects the ear canal from invaders. Oils – Protect the skin and hair. Oils – Protect the skin and hair.

34. Lipids Whenever you see glycerol and fatty acids you should realize that these combine to form lipids Whenever you see glycerol and fatty acids you should realize that these combine to form lipids

35. The last group of biomolecules is called nucleic acids.

36. Nucleic Acids DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid RNA: ribonucleic acid RNA: ribonucleic acid These nucleic acids are genetic material that are involved in passing traits from one generation to another These nucleic acids are genetic material that are involved in passing traits from one generation to another

37. Nucleic Acids Because we eat living things we also eat their nucleic acids Because we eat living things we also eat their nucleic acids Our body recycles DNA and RNA to use in forming our DNA and RNA Our body recycles DNA and RNA to use in forming our DNA and RNA

38. Nucleic Acids This is a model of DNA This is a model of DNA It is found in the nucleus It is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, and in the nucleoid of bacteria It is composed of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine