1. Chapter 3: The Molecules of Cells **This Power Point Presentation can be found on my eBoard**

2. Introduction to Organic Compounds and their Polymers Organic Compounds – Compounds synthesized by cells and containing carbon –Examples: Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ), Methane (CH 4 ) –Exception to the Rule: Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is NOT considered an organic compound Inorganic Compounds – Compounds that do not contain carbon –Examples: Ammonia (NH 3 ), Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) –Exception to the Rule: Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) IS considered an inorganic compound

3. Introduction to Organic Compounds and their Polymers Straight Chain Branched Chain Carbon Ring Structure

4. Introduction to Organic Compounds and their Polymers Hydrocarbon –A compound that is made up of only HYDROGEN and CARBON –Makes a NONPOLAR compound (and can be very OILY)

5. Introduction to Organic Compounds and their Polymers

7. Functional Groups

8. Can you circle the hydroxyl groups in each molecule?

9. Functional Groups: Carbonyl

10. Can you pick out the carbonyl groups?

11. Functional Groups: Carboxyl

13. Functional Groups: Amino

14. Can you pick out the functional groups?

15. Functional Groups: Phosphates

16. Functional Group: Phosphate Can you pick out the functional groups?

17. Monomers & Polymers Monomer: a single subunit (molecule) that can be used to build a larger molecule (polymer) Polymer: a large molecule that is made up of smaller subunits (monomers) Monomer

18. Monomers & Polymers Monomer

19. Monomers & Polymers Dimer

20. Monomers & Polymers Trimer

21. Monomers & Polymers Trimer Tetramer

22. Monomers & Polymers Polymer

23. Reactions of Monomers & Polymers Condensation Reaction (Dehydration Synthesis) –Two more monomers come together to form a polymer and create water (H2O) while doing this Hydrolysis Reaction –Water (H2O) is used to break the bond(s) in a polymer to create a monomer They are Opposite Reactions! http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

24. Introduction to Organic Compounds In living things, energy is associated with one molecule in particular….. –Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

25. How ATP Releases Energy Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

26. Macromolecule of Life: Carbohydrates Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio –(CH 2 O) n is the general formula n = the # of carbons in the compound Names usually end in “ose” What would the formula be for a 12 carbon carbohydrate?

27. Macromolecule of Life: Carbohydrates Name as many carbohydrates (sugars) as you can!!! Glucose (blood sugar) Lactose (milk sugar) Maltose (malt sugar) Galactose (brain sugar) Sucrose (table sugar) Fructose (fruit sugar) Cellulose (fiber)

28. Macromolecule of Life: Carbohydrates Monomers of carbohydrates are known as monosaccharides Glucose and fructose are monosaccharides Monosaccharide

29. Macromolecule of Life: Carbohydrates Two monosaccharides bond to form a disaccharide Sucrose is an example of a disaccharide Monosaccharide O DISACCHARIDE

30. Macromolecule of Life: Carbohydrates Many monosaccharides bond together to make a polysaccharide Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are examples of polysaccharides

31. Macromolecule of Life: Carbohydrates Cellulose –Polymer of glucose –What plant cell walls are made of –Provide structure and rigidity –Also known as “fiber”

32. Macromolecule of Life: Carbohydrates Starch –Polymer of glucose –Used to store energy in plants (serve as sugar stockpiles) –Humans and animals eat it for energy

33. Macromolecule of Life: Carbohydrates Glycogen –Storage form of excess glucose in animals –Stored in muscle and liver Glycogen is stained red here in liver cells. Nucleus is purple.

34. Macromolecule of Life: Protein Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (sometimes sulfur and phosphorus) Names sometimes end in “-in”, “-en”, or “-ase”

35. Macromolecule of Life: Protein Name as many proteins as you can!! …….so it’s harder than you thought. Here is a clue to at least one that you may have heard of….. Plumped up lips ………………………….COLLAGEN!!!!

36. Macromolecule of Life: Protein Monomers of proteins are known as amino acids Amino Acid Cartoon Version What it really looks like….

37. Macromolecule of Life: Proteins Two amino acids bond to form a dipeptide Amino Acid Cartoon Version Real life…. Peptide Bond

38. Macromolecule of Life: Protein Amino Acid Polypeptide

39. Macromolecule of Life: Protein Enzymes

40. Macromolecule of Life: Proteins – Levels of Organization Primary – Held together by peptide bonds Secondary – Held together by peptide bonds & hydrogen bonds Tertiary – Held together by peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges 3-D structure Can be globular or fibrous

41. Macromolecule of Life: Proteins https://mywebspace.wisc.edu/jonovic/web/ proteins.htmlhttps://mywebspace.wisc.edu/jonovic/web/ proteins.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lijQ3a8y UYQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lijQ3a8y UYQ

42. Macromolecule of Life: Lipids Five categories of lipids –Fatty Acids –Steroids (e.g. cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone) –Waxes –Triglycerides –Phospholipids

43. Macromolecule of Life: Lipids What structural differences do you notice?

44. Macromolecule of Life: Lipids

46. More about Phospholipids Really, really cartoonish version

47. Phospholipid Animation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vne5yh Y-lbo

48. Macromolecule of Life: Lipids WaxSteroids

49. Macromolecule of Life: Nucleic Acids Molecules found in the nucleus that are responsible for genetic information –DNA – Has genes and holds information regarding traits –RNA – Made from DNA and helps make proteins

50. Macromolecule of Life: Nucleic Acids Monomer of nucleic acids = nucleotides

51. Macromolecule of Life: Nucleic Acids