1. CfE Higher Human Unit 1 - Section 2 Discovering the Identity of Genetic Material

2. Learning Intentions By the end of this lesson you should be able to describe the experimental work carried out by famous biologists in the discovery of DNA

3. Gregor Mendel Wilkins & Franklin Frederick Griffith Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Osmond Avery Watson & Crick The DNA puzzle..... Hershey & Chase Chargaff ???

4. 1. Long Search: The search for the secret of life dates back nearly a century prior to Watson and Crick’s ground breaking discovery in 1953 186 5 19091911195019441929

5. Gregor Mendel: Introduces the concept of heredity 18651909191119291944 1950 The Early Efforts 19281952

6. Wilhelm Johannsen: Coins the term “Gene” 186 5 19091911192919441950 The Early Efforts 186519091911 19291944 1950 19281952

7. Thomas Hunt Morgan: Discovers that genes are responsible for inheritance 186 5 19091911192919441950 The Early Efforts 186519091911 19291944 1950 19281952

8. Griffin: Transformation experiment with streptococcus pneumoniae 186 5 19091911192919441950 The Early Efforts 186519091911 19291944 1950 19281952

9. Phoebus Levene: Discovers that DNA is made up of nucleotides, phosphates, sugars and 4 bases 186 5 1909191119291950 The Early Efforts 186519091911 19291944 1950 19281952

10. Oswald Avery: Shows that DNA can transform the property of cells 186 5 19091911 The Early Efforts However, this idea was not universally accepted 186519091911 19291944 1950 19281952

11. Erwin Chargaff: Shows that: A + G = T + C = 50% 186 5 19091911192919441950 The Early Efforts Chargaff’s Rule is an important equation in the discovery of the structure of DNA 186519091911 19291944 1950 19281952

12. Hershey and Chase : Investigate whether it is the viral DNA or the protein coat that alters a cells biochemical machinery 186 5 1909191119291944 The Early Efforts However, this idea was not universally accepted 186519091911 19291944 1950 19281952

13. Griffith’s Experiment with Pneumonia and the accidental discovery of Transformation Frederick Griffiths was a bacteriologist studying pneumonia He discovered two types of bacteria: –Smooth colonies –Rough colonies CONCLUSION: The smooth colonies must carry the disease! SmoothRough

14. Griffith’s Experiment with Pneumonia and the accidental discovery of Transformation When heat was applied to the deadly smooth type… And injected into a mouse… The mouse lived!

15. Griffith injected the heat-killed type and the non-deadly rough type of bacteria. The bacteria “transformed” itself from the heated non-deadly type to the deadly type. Griffith’s Experiment with Pneumonia and the accidental discovery of Transformation

16. Griffith’s Experiment did not prove that DNA was responsible for transformation How would you design an experiment to prove that DNA was responsible for transformation?

17. Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod Repeated Griffith’s Experiment Oswald Avery Maclyn McCarty Colin MacLeod

18. Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod Added the non-deadly Rough Type of Bacteria to the Heat-Killed Smooth TypeCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsRNADNA To the Heat-Killed Smooth Type, added enzymes that destroyed…

19. S-Type Carbohydrates Destroyed S-Type Lipids Destroyed S-Type Proteins Destroyed S-Type RNA Destroyed S-Type DNA Destroyed Conclusion: DNA was the transforming factor!

20. The Hershey-Chase Experiment Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase worked with a bacteriophage: A virus that invades bacteria. It consists of a DNA core and a protein coat DNA Protein coat

22. Protein coats of bacteriophages labeled with Sulfur-35 DNA of bacteriophages labeled with Phosphorus-32 Bacterium Bacterium Phage Phage 1.Hershey and Chase mixed the radioactively-labeled viruses with the bacteria The viruses infect the bacterial cells.

23. Protein coats of bacteriophages labeled with Sulfur-35 DNA of bacteriophages labeled with Phosphorus-32 2.Separated the viruses from the bacteria by agitating the virus- bacteria mixture in a blender

24. Protein coats of bacteriophages labeled with Sulfur-35 DNA of bacteriophages labeled with Phosphorus-32 3.Centrifuged the mixture so that the bacteria would form a pellet at the bottom of the test tube 4.Measured the radioactivity in the pellet and in the liquid

25. The Hershey-Chase results reinforced the Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod conclusion: DNA carries the genetic code! However, there were still important details to uncover…

26. The Race to Discover DNA’s Structure

27. Linus Pauling 1940s Discovered the alpha- helical structure of proteins.

28. The Race to Discover DNA’s Structure 1950 Chargaff’s Rule: Equal amounts of Adenine and Thymine, and equal amounts of Guanine and Cytosine Erwin Chargaff Why do you think the bases match up this way? Purine + Purine = Too wide Pyrimidine + Pyrimidine = Too Narrow Purine + Pyrimidine = Perfect Fit from X-ray data

29. The Race to Discover DNA’s Structure – X-Ray Christallography Maurice Wilkins Rosalind Franklin X-Ray diffraction image of DNA taken by Franklin in 1951

30. The Race to Discover DNA’s Structure James Watson Francis Crick 1953 Compiled data from previous scientists to build a double-helical model of DNA

31. The Race to Discover DNA’s Structure was Over DNA is made up of: –Four nucleotides: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine –These follow the rules of base-pairing: Adenine bonds with Thymine Guanine bonds with Cytosine –A sugar-phosphate backbone DNA is arranged in an double-helix

32. Research a scientist and their breakthrough experiment Ready to present!

33. 2 stars and a wish!