1. Rotation FAxis - the imaginary line that passes through Earth’s center and the North and South poles. FRotation - the spinning of Earth on its axis. FA point on the equator rotates at about 1,600 km per hour. FAxis - the imaginary line that passes through Earth’s center and the North and South poles. FRotation - the spinning of Earth on its axis. FA point on the equator rotates at about 1,600 km per hour.

2. Rotation FEarth’s rotation on its axis causes day and night. FEarth rotates eastward. FIt takes 24 hours to rotate once on its axis. This is called a day. FEarth’s rotation on its axis causes day and night. FEarth rotates eastward. FIt takes 24 hours to rotate once on its axis. This is called a day.

3. Revolution FEarth also travels around the sun. FRevolution - the movement of one object around another object. FEarth’s orbit is an elliptical shape. FEarth also travels around the sun. FRevolution - the movement of one object around another object. FEarth’s orbit is an elliptical shape.

4. Calendars FEarth’s orbit around the sun is about 365 1/4 days. FFour years of 365 1/4 days each can be approx. by taking 3 years of 365 days and a fourth year of 366 days. This is known as leap year. FOn a leap year, one extra day in February is added for 29 days. FEarth’s orbit around the sun is about 365 1/4 days. FFour years of 365 1/4 days each can be approx. by taking 3 years of 365 days and a fourth year of 366 days. This is known as leap year. FOn a leap year, one extra day in February is added for 29 days.

5. Seasons on Earth FMost places have four seasons: winter, spring, summer, and autumn.

6. Earth’s Tilted Axis FEarth has seasons because its axis is tilted as it move around the sun.

7. Earth in June FThe north end of Earth’s axis is tilted toward the sun. FSummer in Northern Hemisphere FWinter in Southern Hemisphere FThe north end of Earth’s axis is tilted toward the sun. FSummer in Northern Hemisphere FWinter in Southern Hemisphere

8. Earth in December FThe south end of Earth’s axis is tilted toward the sun. FSummer – southern hemisphere FWinter in the northern hemisphere FThe south end of Earth’s axis is tilted toward the sun. FSummer – southern hemisphere FWinter in the northern hemisphere

9. Both in June and December FSummer solstice - longest day of the year (June 21). FWinter solstice - shortest day of the year (December 21). FBoth of these are the opposite in the Southern Hemisphere. FSummer solstice - longest day of the year (June 21). FWinter solstice - shortest day of the year (December 21). FBoth of these are the opposite in the Southern Hemisphere.

10. Earth in March & September FNeither hemisphere is tilted toward or away from the sun. FDays and nights are in a equinox which is equal. FNeither hemisphere is tilted toward or away from the sun. FDays and nights are in a equinox which is equal.

11. Earth in March and September FVernal equinox, or spring equinox, occurs around March 21 and is the first day of spring. FAutumnal equinox, or fall equinox, occurs around September 23 and is the first day of fall. FVernal equinox, or spring equinox, occurs around March 21 and is the first day of spring. FAutumnal equinox, or fall equinox, occurs around September 23 and is the first day of fall.

12. Phases, Eclipses, and Tides

13. Motions of the Moon FThe moon revolves around Earth and rotates on its own axis. FIt takes 27.3 days to rotate on its axis. FIt takes 29.7 days to revolve around Earth FThe same side of the moon always faces the Earth. FThe moon revolves around Earth and rotates on its own axis. FIt takes 27.3 days to rotate on its axis. FIt takes 29.7 days to revolve around Earth FThe same side of the moon always faces the Earth.

14. Phases of the Moon FPhases of the moon are seen by the reflection of the sun on the moon’s surface. FThe moon goes through its whole set of phases each time it revolves around the Earth, about once a month. FPhases of the moon are seen by the reflection of the sun on the moon’s surface. FThe moon goes through its whole set of phases each time it revolves around the Earth, about once a month.

15. What Causes Phases? FPhases are caused by changes in the relative positions of the moon, Earth, and the sun.

16. The Cycle of the Phases of the Moon

17. Eclipses FWhen the moon’s shadow hits Earth or Earth’s shadow hits the moon, an eclipse occurs. FTwo types of eclipses: solar and lunar FWhen the moon’s shadow hits Earth or Earth’s shadow hits the moon, an eclipse occurs. FTwo types of eclipses: solar and lunar

18. Solar Eclipse

19. Solar Eclipses FA solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between Earth and the sun, blocking the sunlight from reaching Earth. FIt is really a new moon that blocks your view of the sun. FA solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between Earth and the sun, blocking the sunlight from reaching Earth. FIt is really a new moon that blocks your view of the sun.

20. Solar Eclipses

21. Total Solar Eclipses FUmbra - the darkest pat of the moon’s shadow that is cone- shaped.

22. Partial Solar Eclipses FPenumbra - larger part of the shadow which is more visible on Earth. FDuring a partial eclipse, part of the sun is visible. FPenumbra - larger part of the shadow which is more visible on Earth. FDuring a partial eclipse, part of the sun is visible.

23. Lunar Eclipses FA lunar eclipse occurs at a full moon when Earth is between the moon and the sun. FEarth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon. FA lunar eclipse occurs at a full moon when Earth is between the moon and the sun. FEarth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon.

24. Total and Partial Lunar Eclipse FWhen the moon is in Earth’s umbra, you see a total lunar eclipse. FWhen the moon is in Earth’s penumbra, you see a partial eclipse. FWhen the moon is in Earth’s umbra, you see a total lunar eclipse. FWhen the moon is in Earth’s penumbra, you see a partial eclipse.

25. What is a tide? FA tide is the rise and fall of water every 12.5 hours. FThe water rises for about 6 hours and then falls for about 6 hours. FA tide is the rise and fall of water every 12.5 hours. FThe water rises for about 6 hours and then falls for about 6 hours.

26. Tides FTwo high tides and two low tides occur daily, over 24 hours.

27. What causes the tides? FThe force of the gravity pulls the moon and Earth (especially the water on Earth’s surface) toward each other. FTides occur mainly because of differences in how much the moon pulls on different parts of the Earth. FThe force of the gravity pulls the moon and Earth (especially the water on Earth’s surface) toward each other. FTides occur mainly because of differences in how much the moon pulls on different parts of the Earth.

28. Spring and Neap Tides FSpring Tides FOnce a month, at a new moon, the sun, Earth, and moon are nearly in a line. FThe gravity of the sun and moon pull in the same direction causing a tide with the greatest difference between low and high tide. FSpring Tides FOnce a month, at a new moon, the sun, Earth, and moon are nearly in a line. FThe gravity of the sun and moon pull in the same direction causing a tide with the greatest difference between low and high tide.

29. Spring and Neap Tides FNeap Tides FTwice a month when the Earth and sun are at right angles to line between the Earth and moon. FThe sun and moon pulling in these directions causes a tide with the least difference between low and high tide. F FNeap Tides FTwice a month when the Earth and sun are at right angles to line between the Earth and moon. FThe sun and moon pulling in these directions causes a tide with the least difference between low and high tide. F