1. Immigration at the Turn of the Century

2. What Happened? 1870-1920: Immigration Boom Why? ▫Religious persecution of Jews in Russia ▫Population boom in Europe ▫Scarcity of Land ▫Political Unrest ▫Gold Rush in California ▫Railroad Boom

3. The Journey Traveled by steamship, often in cargo holds Disease was rampant Europeans entered through Ellis Island (NYC) Asians entered through Angel Island (San Francisco) Immigrants lived in communities within cities (Chinese neighborhoods, Polish neighborhoods)

4. Hyphenated America Idea of “Melting Pot” Reality of “Salad Bowl” Communities of immigrants kept their language, customs, religion, etc…

5. Reactions to Immigration Rise of Nativist groups Fear of non-Protestants 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act- banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and gvmt officials

6. Question How did industrialization, unions, and urbanization contribute to an increase in leisure time around the turn of the century?

7. The Basics When people lived in cities and worked less hours they had more free time The TOTC brought about new leisure time activities

8. Leisure Time Parks and playgrounds: in cities they provided recreation areas and broke up the urban environment Amusement parks: usually at the end of rail lines so people from cities could get there. (1884: Coney Island)

9. Leisure Time The bicycle: (1885) improved transportation, women invented “split skirts” so they could ride New snacks: Hershey and Coca-Cola

10. Spectator Sports Boxing and Baseball become important 1876: National League 1900: American League 1903: 1 st World Series Winner: Boston Americans

11. Newspapers Sensational Headlines: tried to increase sales Joseph Pulitzer: emphasized sin, sex, and sensation; Sunday edition, comics, sports William Hearst: focused on scandals, and cruelty; imaginary conquest of Mars featured on front page

12. Shopping 1890: Cleveland, OH: first shopping center Department stores: 1865 Marshall Fields Chain Stores: 1870’s: Woolworth Catalog Stores: Montgomery Ward and Sears