1. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2. Homeostasis Definition Control Mechanisms Negative feedback Positive feedback Homeostatic imbalances

3. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

4. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control Mechanisms

5. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Variable or stimulus Receptor – Afferent pathway Control center Effector- Efferent pathway

6. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings MESSENGER MOLECULE FROM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HORMONE CHEMICAL REACTION ENZYME

7. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings NEGATIVE FEEDBACK NORMAL GLUCOSE = 90 MG/100ML OF BLOOD RISING GLUCOSE DETECTED BY INSULIN SECRETING CELLS INPUT BY INSULIN SECRETING CELLS INSULIN SECRETING CELLS PANCREAS LIVER OUTPUT-PANCREAS SECRETES INSULIN LIVER TAKES UP GLUCOSE AND LEVELS GO DOWN

8. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings INSULIN DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS EFFECTOR AND RESPONSE RECEPTOR ON LIVER CELL GLUCOSE = SQUARE GLYCOGEN= CIRCLE CHEMICAL REACTION ENZYME REACTANT = SQUARE PRODUCT= CIRCLE

9. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1 2,3 RECEPTOR NOT SHOWN 4 5 5

10. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Example: Regulation of hypoglycemia NEGATIVE FEEDBACK DETECTED BY GLUCAGON SECRETING CELLS

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12. Positive Feedback Output exaggerates the stimulus Example: blood clotting response Figure 1.6

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14. Blood Clot Formation (blood cells, platelets, fibrin clot) (SEM x10,980).

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16. LASTLY Cavities Membranes Quadrants

17. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities Figure 1.9 Dorsal Ventral Dorsal Ventral Thoracic Abdominopelvic

18. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings DORSAL Cranial - brain Vertebral – spinal cord

19. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsVENTRAL houses the visceral organs Thoracic Abdominopelvic

20. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thoracic Cavity surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM PLEURAL PERICARDIAL WITHIN MEDIASTINUM

21. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings POSTERIOR ANTERIOR

22. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity Pleural cavities – each houses a lung Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs Pericardial – encloses the heart

23. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Cavity PELVIC AB

24. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

25. Body Cavities The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm Two subdivisions Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

26. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ventral Body Cavity Membranes (serosa) 1-Parietal serosa covering the body walls 2-Serous fluid separates the serosae 3-Visceral serosa covers the organs Figure 1.10 1 2 3

27. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pericardial Cavity The parietal pericardium is the outer lining The visceral pericardium clings to the heart

28. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1.Heart 2.Fibrous pericardium 3.Parietal layer of serous pericardium 4.Visceral layer of serous pericardium 5.Pericardial space 6.Pleural cavity and lung

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30. Pleural cavity Parietal pleura Serous fluid (pleural fluid) Visceral pleura Diaphragm

31. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1.Root or hilum of lung 2.Parietal pleura 3.Visceral pleura 4.Thoracic wall

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34. POSTERIOR ANTERIOR

35. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Peritoneal Cavity- lines the abdominal cavity

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38. Abdominopelvic Quadrants Right upper Left upper Right lower Left lower Figure 1.12

39. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.11a Abdominopelvic Regions