1. Evolution Part 2

2. 1. Speciation is when a group of organisms ____ alike and can ________ to produce ______offspring. look interbreed fertile

3. 2. What is needed from a gene pool to form a new species? Isolation

4. 3. What is a group that can, but rarely interbreeds within a species and varies in characteristics? A subspecies

5. 4. What are the 3 things that are needed for a new species to be formed? -Offspring develop completely -Offspring live to reproductive age Offspring are fertile

6. 5. What are the 3 main mechanisms of isolation that lead to new species? –Geographic –-Behavioral –-Temporal

7. 6. What type of isolation is caused by a physical barrier? Give an example. –Geographic –-mountains, canyons, water etc.

8. 7. What type of isolation is caused by differing mating signals? Give an example. Behavioral -bird mating songs

9. 8. What type of isolation is caused mating in different seasons? Give an example. -Temporal -Seasonal change in mating-Autumn to winter

10. 8b. What is it called when speciation occurs slowly? Gradualism

11. 9. What is it called when speciation occurs in bursts with long periods between? Punctuated equilibrium

12. 10. The theory that living things comes from nonliving things is… Spontaneous generation

13. 11. The theory that all living things come from other living things? Biogenesis

14. 12. Which theory is the one that modern scientists believe to be true? Biogenesis

15. 13. When was Earth formed? 4.6 bya

16. 14. What types of cells were formed first? They were followed by what type of cells.5 billion years later? -prokaryote ~2bya eukaryote~1.5bya

17. 15. Using the information above, scientists developed the Endosymbiotic Theory which states…… The eukaryote cells came from prokaryote cells

18. 16. What was missing from primitive Earth’s atmosphere that modern life requires? Oxygen

19. 17. What is it called that we divide history into significant time periods? Geologic timeline

20. 18. What are the subdivisions of eras? periods

21. 19. What is it called when an event causes many things is disappear at the same time? Give 2 examples that could cause it. -Mass extinction -volcano eruptions -climate changes

22. 20. What is the change in hereditary features in a species over time? evolution

23. 21. What are the 5 primate adaptations? -developed cerebrum -long fingers/toes -Rotating shoulders -Binocular vision -Similar dental formula

24. 22. What are the 2 additional hominid adaptations? -Bipedal -opposable thumb

25. 23. What is the ability to walk on 2 legs called? bipedal

26. 24. What are the 2 main benefits of this type of movement? -gives speed -frees hands

27. 25. What is free rotating digit on hand (easily touch other fingers)? Opposable thumb

28. 26. What is the benefit in this type of thumb? Grabbing objects and precision

29. 27. What is it when the dental pattern is in a similar arrangement? Dental formula

30. 28. Why are the teeth different? For different food types

31. 29. What was the “Southern Ape” and how long ago did they exist? -Australopithecus -3-5mya

32. 30. Describe them: -small brain -bipedal -similar pelvis

33. 31. Who was the “handy man” and how long ago did they exist? -Homo habilis -1.5-2 mya

34. 32. What were they the 1st to do? Make and use tools

35. 33. Describe them. Larger braincase

36. 34. Who was the “upright man” and how long ago did they exist? -Homo erectus -~1.75 mya

37. 35. What were they the 1st to do? To leave Africa

38. 36. Describe their lifestyles. -hunters -used fire -lived in caves

39. 37. Describe them. -larger brain -humanlike face

40. 38. Which hominid lived 200,000- 300,000 y.a.? Homo neanderthalensis

41. 39. Were they direct ancestors of the modern human? no

42. 40. What were they the 1st to do? Use spoken language

43. 41. Describe them.  -thick bones -large face -prominent nose

44. 42. Which hominids were the 1st to be direct ancestors to modern humans and when did they live? -Homo sapien Cro-Magnon -40,000-50,000 ya

45. 43. Describe their lifestyles. -advanced tools -religious views -cave paintings

46. 44. What characteristics are similar to modern humans? -height -skull -teeth -brain size similar to modern humans

47. 45. What is the scientific name for modern humans and what does it mean? -Homo sapien sapien -wise man

48. 46. What are the 4 “ages” and list the corresponding period. -Ice Age-Quaternary -Age of Dinosaurs-Triassic -Age of Fish-Devonian -Age of invertebrates (Cambrian)

49. 47. List the 4 eras and match them to all their periods. -Cenozoic Era-(1.Tertiary and 2. Quaternary periods) -Mesozoic Era- (1. Triassic, 2. Jurassic, & 3. Cretaceous) -Paleozoic Era-(1.Cambrian, 2.Ordovician, 3.Silurian, 4. Devonian, 5.Cambrian) -Precambrian

50. 49. What period and era are we living in? Cenozoic Era and Quaternary Period

51. 50.What is the largest era? Precambrian