1. C.K.PITHAWALA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

2. HYDROLOGY & GEO-LOGICAL INVESTIGATION 130090106056 - SAPRA MEHUL 130090106058 - SHAH JAINAM 130090106059 - SHIHORA VIVEK 130090106060 - SHYASINGH RAJPUT 130090106061 - PATEL URVI

3. 1. Basic Hydrology Concept Water is vital for all living organisms on Earth. Water is vital for all living organisms on Earth. For centuries, people have been investigating where water comes from and where it goes, why some of it is salty and some is fresh, why sometimes there is not enough and sometimes too much. All questions and answers related to water have been grouped together into a discipline. For centuries, people have been investigating where water comes from and where it goes, why some of it is salty and some is fresh, why sometimes there is not enough and sometimes too much. All questions and answers related to water have been grouped together into a discipline. The name of the discipline is hydrology and is formed by two Greek words: "hydro" and "logos" meaning "water" and "science". The name of the discipline is hydrology and is formed by two Greek words: "hydro" and "logos" meaning "water" and "science". 1.1. Introduction

4. What is Hydrology? What is Hydrology? –It is a science of water. –It is the science that deals with the occurrence, circulation and distribution of water of the earth and earth’s atmosphere. A good understanding of the hydrologic processes is important for the assessment of the water resources, their management and conservation on global and regional scales. A good understanding of the hydrologic processes is important for the assessment of the water resources, their management and conservation on global and regional scales.

5. In general sense engineering hydrology deals with In general sense engineering hydrology deals with –Estimation of water resources Estimation of water resourcesEstimation of water resources –The study of processes such as precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff and their interaction precipitationevapotranspirationrunofftheir interaction precipitationevapotranspirationrunofftheir interaction –The study of problems such as floods and droughts and strategies to combat them floods

6. 1.2 Hydrologic Cycle Water exists on the earth in all its three states, viz. liquid, solid, gaseous and in various degrees of motion. Water exists on the earth in all its three states, viz. liquid, solid, gaseous and in various degrees of motion.

7. Hydrologic cycle…. Water, irrespective of different states, involves dynamic aspect in nature. Water, irrespective of different states, involves dynamic aspect in nature. The dynamic nature of water, the existence of water in various state with different hydrological process result in a very important natural phenomenon called Hydrologic cycle. The dynamic nature of water, the existence of water in various state with different hydrological process result in a very important natural phenomenon called Hydrologic cycle.

8. Hydrologic cycle…. Evaporation of water from water bodies, such as oceans and lakes, formation and movement of clouds, rain and snowfall, stream flow and ground water movement are some examples of the dynamic aspects of water. Evaporation of water from water bodies, such as oceans and lakes, formation and movement of clouds, rain and snowfall, stream flow and ground water movement are some examples of the dynamic aspects of water.

9. Evaporation from water bodies Evaporation from water bodies Water vapour moves upwards Water vapour moves upwards Cloud formation Cloud formation Condensation Condensation Precipitate Precipitate Interception Interception Transpiration Transpiration Infiltration Infiltration Runoff–streamflow Runoff–streamflow Deep percolation Deep percolation Ground water flow Ground water flow Hydrologic cycle….

10. The hydrologic cycle has importance influence in a variety of fields agriculture, forestry, geography, economics, sociology, and political scene. The hydrologic cycle has importance influence in a variety of fields agriculture, forestry, geography, economics, sociology, and political scene. Engineering application of the knowledge are found in the design and operation of the projects dealing with water supply, hydropower, irrigation & drainage, flood control, navigation, coastal work, various hydraulic structure works, salinity control and recreational use of water. Engineering application of the knowledge are found in the design and operation of the projects dealing with water supply, hydropower, irrigation & drainage, flood control, navigation, coastal work, various hydraulic structure works, salinity control and recreational use of water.

11. The area of land draining in to a stream or a water course at a given location is called catchment area / drainage area / drainage basin / watershed. The area of land draining in to a stream or a water course at a given location is called catchment area / drainage area / drainage basin / watershed. A catchment area is separated from its neighbouring areas by a ridge called divide / watershed. A catchment area is separated from its neighbouring areas by a ridge called divide / watershed. 1.3 Water Budget Equation Catchment area

12. A watershed is a geographical unit in which the hydrological cycle and its components can be analysed. The equation is applied in the form of water-balance equation to a geographical region, in order to establish the basic hydrologic characteristics of the region. Usually a watershed is defined as the area that appears, on the basis of topography, to contribute all the water that passes through a given cross section of a stream. A watershed is a geographical unit in which the hydrological cycle and its components can be analysed. The equation is applied in the form of water-balance equation to a geographical region, in order to establish the basic hydrologic characteristics of the region. Usually a watershed is defined as the area that appears, on the basis of topography, to contribute all the water that passes through a given cross section of a stream. 1.3 Water Budget Equation Catchment area….

13. Watershed and watershed divide Watershed/ catchment Watershed divide

14. If a permeable soil covers an impermeable substrate, the topographical division of watershed will not always correspond to the line that is effectively delimiting the groundwater. If a permeable soil covers an impermeable substrate, the topographical division of watershed will not always correspond to the line that is effectively delimiting the groundwater. Catchment area….

15. Watershed characteristics

16. Water Budget Equation For a given catchment, in an interval of time ∆t, the continuity equation for water in its various phases can be given as: For a given catchment, in an interval of time ∆t, the continuity equation for water in its various phases can be given as: Mass inflow – Mass outflow = change in mass storage If the density of the inflow, outflow and storage volumes are the same: If the density of the inflow, outflow and storage volumes are the same: V i - Inflow volume in to the catchment, V o - Outflow volume from the catchment and ∆S - change in the water volume

17. Therefore, the water budget of a catchment for a time interval ∆t is written as: Therefore, the water budget of a catchment for a time interval ∆t is written as: P – R – G – E – T = ∆S P = Precipitation, R = Surface runoff, G = net ground water flow out of the catchment, E = Evaporation, T = Transpiration, and ∆S = change in storage The above equation is called the water budget equation for a catchment The above equation is called the water budget equation for a catchment NOTE: All the terms in the equation have the dimension of volume and these terms can be expressed as depth over the catchment area. Water Budget Equation…

18. Components of hydrologic cycle Precipitation Infiltration Evapo transpiration Inter flow Groundwater flow Base flow Stream flow (Runoff)

19. Total quantity of water in the world is estimated as 1386 M km 3 Total quantity of water in the world is estimated as 1386 M km 3 – 1337.5 M km 3 of water is contained in oceans as saline water –The rest 48.5 M km 3 is land water 13.8 M km 3 is again saline 13.8 M km 3 is again saline 34.7 M km 3 is fresh water 34.7 M km 3 is fresh water –10.6 M km 3 is both liquid and fresh –24.1 M km 3 is a frozen ice and glaciers in the polar regions and mountain tops 1.3 World Water Budget

21. Global annual water balance SNItemOceanLand 1 Area (km 2 ) 361.3148.8 2 Precipitation (km 3 /year) (mm/year) (mm/year)458,0001270119,000800 3 Evaporation (km 3 /year) (mm/year) (mm/year)505,000140072,000484 4 Runoff to ocean Rivers (km 3 /year) Groundwater (km 3 /year) 44,7002,200 Total Runoff (km 3 /year) (mm/year) (mm/year)47,000316

22. Water Balance of Continents

23. Water Balance ……. Drop of water ….. Matter…..

24. Water Balance of Oceans

25. Compaction - Densification of soil by removing air voids using mechanical equipment As compaction increases, the following occurs: –Strength increases –potential for settlement decreases –permeability decreases In soils compaction a function of water content Compaction

26. Compaction - Lab Equipment Standard Proctor 1/30 ft 3 mold 5.5 lb hammer 12” drop 3 layers of soil 25 blows / layer

27. Compaction - Lab Equipment

28. Observing and Testing Compacted Fill Problem:Too much moisture Solution:Work the soil (move the pile) Aerate Let dry Problem:Low compaction Solution:More compaction effort More passes Thinner lifts fewer passes needed better productivity

29. Compaction Equipment

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