1. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Chapter 10 Personality

2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Psychodynamic Theories Psychoanalysis– Freud’s system of treatment for mental disorders (see the graphic below) Let’s do handout 10-3 to see where you stand on psychoanalytic theory

3. Psychoanalytic theory 1.human behavior is largely determined by innate and irrational drives that are unconscious 2.attempts to bring those drives into awareness meet psychological resistance in the form of defense mechanisms; 3.beside temperament, development is determined by events in early childhood; 4.conflicts between consciousness and unconscious (repressed) material can result in mental disturbances such as neuroses, anxiety, and depression 5.liberation from the effects of the unconscious material is achieved through bringing this material into the consciousness (via skilled guidance—a psychoanalyst). Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

4. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Unconscious – (a.k.a. subconscious) mental process of which we are not aware, but which stores repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and instincts Eros Libido Thanatos

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and instincts Eros Libido Thanatos Drives people toward acts that are sexual, life-giving, and creative

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and instincts Eros Libido Thanatos Energy behind Eros, causing people to seek pleasure

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and instincts Eros Libido Thanatos Drives people toward aggressive and destructive behaviors

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Freud’s Model of the Mind

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Id Superego Ego Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality structure

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Id Superego Ego Primitive, unconscious portion of personality, stores basic drives and repressed memories Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality structure

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Id Superego Ego Values and moral attitudes learned from society; similar to conscience Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality structure

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Id Superego Ego Conscious, rational part of personality; who you appear to be; the result of the fight between superego and id Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality structure

14. What would they say? “Here I am at the mall. I’m starving and I’m out of money, and those hot pretzels smell so good! What would the id say? What would the superego say? What would the ego say? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

15. Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Genital Stage Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Psychosexual stages – Instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulations of specific bodily areas at different times of life

16. Psychosexual stages Oral stage: (1 st year) overcoming dependency on putting things in your mouth Anal stage: (1-3 years) overcoming stimulation from—and learning to control –excretion Phallic stage: (3-6 years) overcoming erotic attraction to parents and desire to stimulate genitals Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

17. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Resolving the Oedipus complex – An unconscious process in which boys displace an attraction toward their mother to females of their own age and identify with their fathers (Electra complex for girls)

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Identification – When one is changed by the example another person provides, especially the same-sex parent

19. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Fixation– When psychosexual development is arrested at an immature stage

20. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Penis envy– The female desire to have a penis– which results in their attraction to males. Boys have castration anxiety.

21. Psychosexual stages part 2 Latency period: (6 years until puberty) learning modesty and shame in repressing sexual urges Genital stage: (puberty and adulthood) mature sexual relationships In your notes, align these stages with the stages we learned in the last chapter. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

22. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Ego defense mechanisms – Unconscious strategies used to reduce conflict or anxiety

23. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Ego Defense Mechanisms Repression – excludes unacceptable thoughts and feelings from awareness and memory

24. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Ego Defense Mechanisms Regression – responding to stress by adopting immature behaviors that were effective ways of dealing with stress when younger -sucking your thumb -throwing a tantrum

25. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Ego Defense Mechanisms Reaction formation Reaction formation Reaction formation Reaction formation – When people act in exact opposition to their true feelings -Mayor West

26. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Ego Defense Mechanisms Rationalization – giving socially acceptable reasons for actions that are shameful -voting behavior

27. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Ego Defense Mechanisms Displacement – shifting your reaction from the real source of your problem to a safer individual or object -taking it out on your parents -kicking a dog

28. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Ego Defense Mechanisms Sublimation – Gratifying sexual or aggressive desires by pouring that energy into more socially acceptable behaviors -CEOs?

29. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Ego Defense Mechanisms Projection – attributing our own unconscious desires to other people -giving gifts that YOU really want -ask your boyfriend or girlfriend—do most people want to cheat?

30. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Ego Defense Mechanisms Denial – failure to acknowledge an unacceptable truth or emotion -alcoholics -this is NOT happening

31. Practice Let’s practice recognizing ego defense mechanisms Handout 10-4 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

32. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Projective tests – Personality assessment instruments based on Freud’s concept of projection Rorschach inkblot technique Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

33. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

38. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Psychic determinism – Freud’s belief that all thoughts and behaviors are caused by unconscious traumas, desires, or conflicts

39. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Personal unconscious – Basically, Freud’s id Collective unconscious – Jung’s instinctive “memories,” including archetypes, which exist in all people

40. Jungian Archetypes Universal patterns or images in the collective unconscious (similar to instinct). They are hidden forms which are transformed once they enter consciousness and are given particular expression by individuals and their cultures. Joseph Campbell used Jung’s ideas in his elucidation of the hero’s journey Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

41. The archetypal story Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

42. Sample Archetypes Animus Anima Shadow Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious

43. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Archetypes Animus Anima Shadow Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious The male archetype; the hero; Luke Skywalker The female archetypeThe female archetype; The female archetype; the damsel in distress; Princess Leia The female archetype

44. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Archetypes Animus Anima Shadow Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious The destructive and aggressive tendencies we don’t want to recognize in ourselves; Darth Vader

45. If you thought Freud was weird… thisthis Check this out!this Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

46. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Jung’s principle of opposites: each personality is a balance between opposing pairs of unconscious tendencies, such as introversion and extroversion Gave rise to the Myers-Briggs test, which is often used for career guidance

47. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Two Jungian opposites Introversion – turning attention inward, making the introvert less outgoing and sociable than the extrovert Extraversion – turning attention outward, toward others, making the exravert more sociable

48. What do the Jungian types mean? How we perceive the world Sensing (details) vs. Intuitive (big picture) How we make decisions Thinking vs. feeling How we live life Judging (organized) vs. Perceiving (spontaneous) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

49. Myers-Briggs Myers-Briggs Let’s take the Myers-BriggsMyers-Briggs Here Here Here is what each type indicates Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

50. Karen Horney: A Feminist Voice in Psychodynamic Psychology Neurosis – A functional disorder involving distress but no delusions or hallucinations. Behavior is within socially acceptable norms (called anxiety now) Neurotic needs – Listed ten needs that are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme

51. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Horney’s neurotic needs Need for: 1.Affection and approval 2.A partner and dread of being left alone 3.Remaining inconspicuous 4.Power and control over others 5.Exploit others 6.Recognition and prestige 7.Personal admiration 8.Personal achievement 9.Self-sufficiency and independence 10.Perfection and unassailability

52. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Alfred Adler: An early split from Psychoanalysis Inferiority complex – A unconscious feeling of inferiority, with its roots in childhood Compensation – Making up for one’s real or imagined deficiencies; can lead to overcompensation

53. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Humanistic Theories focus on one’s potential and emphasize growth and self-actualization. People are innately good; problems result from deviations from this natural tendency. Humanistic Theories include Abraham Maslow’s self-actualizing personality Carl Roger’s fully functioning person Gordon Allport’s trait theory

54. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality Self-actualizing personalities – Healthy people who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentials

55. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Maslow’s self-actualization Characteristics of self-actualizers: 1. They perceive reality efficiently and can tolerate uncertainty; 2. Accept themselves and others for what they are; 3. Spontaneous in thought and action; 4. Problem-centered (not self-centered); 5. Unusual sense of humor; 6. Able to look at life objectively; 7. Highly creative; 8. Resistant to enculturation, but not purposely unconventional; 9. Concerned for the welfare of humanity; 10. Capable of deep appreciation of basic life-experience; 11. Establish deep satisfying interpersonal relationships with a few people; 12. Need for privacy; 13. Democratic attitudes; 14. Strong moral/ethical standards.

56. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Maslow’s self-actualization Behavior leading to self-actualization: (a) Experiencing life like a child, with full absorption and concentration; (b) Trying new things instead of sticking to safe paths (c) Listening to your own feelings in evaluating experiences instead of the voice of tradition, authority or the majority; (d) Avoiding pretense ('game playing') and being honest; (e) Being prepared to be unpopular if your views do not coincide with those of the majority; (f) Taking responsibility and working hard; (g) Trying to identify your defenses and having the courage to give them up.

57. Take a moment… Draw a T-chart. On the left, take 90 seconds write adjectives or phrases that describe you. Then, on the right, take 90 seconds to describe your ideal self - who you would like to be. Are they congruent? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

58. Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person Fully functioning person – a self-actualizing person with a self- concept that is both positive and congruent with expectations

59. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person Phenomenal field – Our psychological reality; our perceptions and feelings; our subjective experience we are fully functioning when our reality (phenomenal field) is congruent with “reality” -is a B good for you? For someone else?

60. Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person Unconditional positive regard – Care without conditions attached; necessary to be fully functioning; therapist should provide this Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

61. Evaluating Humanistic Theories Positive psychology Positive psychology Positive psychology Positive psychology – focuses on the desirable aspects of life, as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology Dan Gilbert Dan Gilbert Dan Gilbert Dan Gilbert on the science of happiness

62. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Social Learning and Personality Behavioral Theory: Personality arises from learned behavior Observational learning –(Bandura) learning new responses by watching the behavior of others Reciprocal determinism – thoughts, behavior and environment mutually influence each other

63. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 What Persistent Patterns are Found in Personality? Theory: personality comes from stable patterns known as temperaments, traits, and types

64. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality Personality – Qualities that bring continuity to a person’s behavior

65. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 What Forces Shape Our Personalities? Do we have one personality? What is that part of us that does NOT change over time?

66. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 BloodPhlegm Yellow Bile Black Bile What Patterns are Found in Personality? Humors – Four bodily fluids that, according to ancient theory, control personality by their relative abundance

67. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Gordon Allport and the Beginnings of Humanism Traits – Stable personality characteristics that guide thoughts and actions Cardinal trait (rare): dominant trait in a person’s life (Einstein; Ghandi; Hitler) Central traits: make up our personality; we may have 5 or 10 (honest; shy) Secondary traits: preferences, attitudes and situational traits (public speaking; patience in traffic)

68. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Patterns in Personality The “Big Five” traits 1.Openness to experience 2.Conscientiousness 3.Extraversion 4.Agreeableness 5.Neuroticism

69. Big 5 explanations Openness to experience – (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious). Appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, curiosity, and variety of experience. Openness reflects the degree of intellectual curiosity, creativity and a preference for novelty and variety.curiosity Conscientiousness – (efficient/organized vs. easy-going/careless). A tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; planned rather than spontaneous behavior; organized, and dependable. Extraversion – (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved). Energy, positive emotions, assertiveness, sociability and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others, and talkativeness. Agreeableness – A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. Neuroticism – (sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident). The tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

70. Assessing Traits NEO-PI (Big Five Inventory) [which we’ll be taking Monday] Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) 16PF Questionnaire These tests have reliability and validity

71. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Implicit Personality Theories Implicit personality theories – Assumptions about personality to simplify the task of understanding others Fundamental attribution error – Assumption that another’s behavior (especially undesirable behavior) is the result of a stable personality trait, rather than in the situation

72. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Implicit Personality Theories Primacy effect: information we learn 1 st about a person we weigh more heavily Observer traits: the more observers exhibit a trait, the more they notice it in the observed

73. Traits Are they inherent, or are they influenced by the social situation? Let’s do Handout 10-8 to test this. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

74. End of Chapter 10