1. History 171D The United States and the World Since 1945

2. Clinton’s World

3. Fall 1993—Eighteen US servicemen were killed in firefight with Somali gunmen, prompting Clinton to withdraw US forces from country Africa Black Hawk helicopter

4. Spring 1994—Rwanda was plunged into civil war, pitting Hutus against Tutsis Africa

5. Spring 1994—Rwanda was plunged into civil war, pitting Hutus against Tutsis; Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) vs. Rwandan government Africa

6. Spring 1994—About 800,000 Rwandans, mostly Tutsis, were brutally massacred; genocide spearheaded by Hutu extremists Africa

7. UN failed to act in time to prevent massacres; Clinton administration, gun-shy after Somalia, reinforced inaction Africa

8. Balkans Former Yugoslavia composed of many different groups, e.g. Serbs, Croats, Muslims, ethnic Albanians

9. Balkans Early 1990s—Yugoslavia broke up as Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina declared independence

10. Balkans Serbia, under Slobodan Milosevic, launched wars against breakaway republics to annex portions of their territory

11. Balkans Serbia, under Slobodan Milosevic, launched wars against breakaway republics to annex portions of their territory

12. Balkans Milosevic encouraged Serbs in breakaway republics to engage in “ethnic cleansing”; situation especially dire for Bosnian Muslims

13. Balkans Milosevic encouraged Serbs in breakaway republics to engage in “ethnic cleansing”; situation especially dire for Bosnian Muslims Bosnian Serb militiamen

14. Balkans Clinton initially did little about Bosnia but eventually began encouraging de facto partition of Bosnia

15. Balkans 1995—Clinton supported NATO air strikes against Bosnian Serbs

16. Balkans Late 1995—Clinton invited Milosevic and presidents of Croatia and Bosnia to meet in Dayton, Ohio

17. Balkans Dayton Agreement recognized de facto partition of Bosnia into Serbian republic and Muslim-Croat federation; US stationed troops in Bosnia to help enforce agreement

18. Balkans Late 1990s—Violence erupted in Kosovo, autonomous province of Serbia Kosovo Liberation Army (ethnic Albanians) forcibly resisted Milosevic’s attempts to populate Kosovo with ethnic Serbs

19. Balkans March 1999—NATO (with heavy US involvement) launched bombing campaign against Serbia to force it to respect Kosovo’s autonomy Serbian anti-aircraft fire in Belgrade

20. Balkans NATO bombing provoked massive exodus of Kosovar Albanians

21. Balkans June 1999—Milosevic relinquished control over Kosovo and allowed NATO to occupy it; refugees returned home

22. Let’s step back a bit...

23. Vietnam Veterans Against the War, 1971

24. John Kerry

27. Daniel Ellsberg

28. Edward Snowden

31. 9/11 and After

32. Osama Bin Laden

33. How to explain emergence of Osama bin Laden and al-Qa‘ida in late 20th century?

34. Political dimension (how bin Laden gained adherents in Muslim world) Resentment of Western and US domination Failure of secular nationalism, leading to growth of Islamism

35. How to explain emergence of Osama bin Laden and al-Qa‘ida in late 20th century? Logistical dimension (how bin Laden acquired a base in Afghanistan)

36. 1980s—CIA worked covertly with Saudi and Pakistani governments to recruit young men from across Muslim world to join Mujahidin resisting Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

37. 1980s—Osama bin Laden took part in effort to oust Soviet Union from Afghanistan—was working in parallel with US

38. 1989—Bin Laden formed al-Qa‘ida (the base)

39. Early 1990s—Bin Laden turned against Saudi regime because it allowed US troops to occupy Saudi Arabia

40. Early 1990s—Bin Laden moved to Sudan and began sponsoring anti-US attacks

41. ... such as the first World Trade Center bombing, February 1993

42. ... and attacks on US forces in Somalia, 1993 Black Hawk helicopter

43. 1996—Bin Laden returned to Afghanistan, where the Taliban were taking over

44. The Taliban

46. Early 1998—Bin Laden announced formation of “World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders”

47. Early 1998—Monica Lewinsky scandal erupted

48. 1997... an amazing coincidence

49. August 1998—Al-Qa‘ida operatives bombed US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania

50. August 1998—Clinton launched rocket attacks against al-Qa‘ida training camps in Afghanistan and against pharmaceutical factory in Sudan

51. Ahmed Ressam, aka “Millennium Bomber”

54. Summer 2001—indications al-Qa‘ida was preparing to strike within US

55. George W. Bush administration was divided between pragmatists and hawks

56. Secretary of State Colin Powell

57. Vice President Richard Cheney

58. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld

59. Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz

60. September 11, 2001— al-Qa‘ida-sponsored terrorists flew planes into World Trade Center and Pentagon, killing about 3,000

62. After 9/11 Taliban rejected US demand that they turn over bin Laden

63. So Bush sent US forces to attack Taliban and al-Qa‘ida in Afghanistan

64. Northern Alliance

65. November-December 2001—Taliban were defeated

66. Pro-US government, under Hamid Karzai, took power in Kabul

67. But bin Laden escaped from Tora Bora into Pakistan

68. 68 By early 2002 Bush administration was shifting its focus from bin Laden to Saddam Hussein

69. 69 By early 2002 Bush administration was shifting its focus from bin Laden to Saddam Hussein

70. Saddam Hussein and Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

71. CIA rendering of Curveball’s claim 2000-2001—Iraqi defector Rafid Ahmad Alwan (aka “Curveball”) told German intelligence that Saddam Hussein had built mobile biological weapons labs

72. 2002—Under torture in Egyptian prison, Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi claimed that Iraq had provided al-Qa‘ida with training in chemical and biological weapons

73. February 2003—Secretary of State Colin Powell repeated both Curveball’s and al-Libi’s claims at United Nations

74. September 2002—Bush called on UN to pass resolution demanding that Iraq disarm itself of weapons of mass destruction

75. CIA Director George Tenet

76. October 2002—Supplied with misleading intelligence, Congress passed Iraq War Resolution CIA “White Paper” on Iraq and WMD

77. November 2002—UN Security Council passed Resolution 1441, calling on Iraq to disarm itself of weapons of mass destruction, warning of “serious consequences” if it failed to do so

78. Late 2002—UN inspectors started operating in Iraq

79. December 2002-January 2003—US deployed more troops to Persian Gulf; France and Germany opposed use of force without subsequent UN resolution German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer

80. Early 2003—UN weapons inspectors found no evidence of WMD programs but asked for more time to continue investigation Chief UN weapons inspector Hans Blix

81. March 2003—US, Britain, and “coalition of the willing” launched Iraq War without second UN resolution

82. April 2003—Saddam Hussein regime fell; but US forces failed to provide adequate security, permitting widespread looting and violence

84. Summer 2003—Iraqi Insurgency broke out

85. 2003-2008—Iraqi civil war

86. 2007-2008—US “troop surge,” combined with “Sunni Awakening,” helped to stabilize country

87. December 2011—US troops withdrawn from Iraq

88. May 1, 2011