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The road to war I The alliance system II International rivalry
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International rivalry before 1914 The role of Germany The arms race Colonial rivalry Crises in Morocco and the Balkans
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The role of Germany Creates suspicion and tension – especially after 1890
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Role of Germany – Kaiser Wilhelm II Personal ambitions for a strong Germany Unpredictable and interfering Up sets Britain and others Eg Kruger telegram 1896, Daily Telegraph affair 1908, refuses to renew Reinsurance treaty with Russia
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The role of Germany Militarism strong – Eg captain of Kopenick!
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The role of Germany- WELTPOLITIK WWWWeltpolitik – use it to get mass support for the kaiser and the ruling elite SSSSeats won by the Social Democratic Party in parliament Yearseats 189035 1912110
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Weltpolitik Increase German prestige abroad – get involved in international politics « drang nach osten » Berlin – Baghdad railway « Place in the sun »
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Naval arms race Tirpitz and Navy laws, 1898, 1900 « risk theory » Britain - the TWO POWER STANDARD Naval Arms race starts.
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HMS Dreadnought 1906 HMS Dreadnought 1906 Armour plating Guns speed;
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The Naval arms race intensifies « we want 8 and we won’t wait » Kiel canal - opened 1914 Navy league influential in Br and Ger Created impression Br & Ger enemies
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Colonial rivalry Not much interest in colonies up to the 1870s New Imperialism Scramble for Africa 1870-1900 Struggle for China 1895 - 1905
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Reasons for the « new imperialism » Economic motives National security Nationalism and national prestige Social Darwinism « survival of the fittest »
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How serious were colonial rivalries? On occasions they damaged relationships eg Fashoda crisis 1898, Moroccan crises 1905, 1911 Overall the conflicts were a long way from home – they did not cause the war to start.
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CRISES - in Morocco First Moroccan crisis 1905/06 Germany wanted to test the strength of the Entente Cordiale. 1905, Kaiser lands in Tangiers & demands » open door » in Morocco
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CRISES - in Morocco Conference held at Algeciras 1906 Germany defeated & Br and Fr closer together Germany makes the Schlieffen plan, France – plan 17
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The Schlieffen plan
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CRISES - in Morocco 2nd Moroccan crisis 1911 – the Agadir crisis French troops Vs rebels German gunboat – the Panther sent to Agadir Br and Fr hold firm Lloyd George – Mansion House speech Germany backs down BUT public opinion furious with Britain
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CRISES – in the Balkans Bosnian crisis 1908 Austria annexes Bosnia Germany supports Austria Russia furious and humiliated – won’t let that happen again! Serbia angry – hostile to Austria
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CRISES – in the Balkans TTTThe First Balkans war 1912 BBBBalkan league attacks Turkey WWWWould Russia or Austria get involved? IIIInternational peace settlement arranged SSSSerbia angry because Austria blockes her access to the sea. WWWWar Council meeting in Germany
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TTTThe second Balkans war 1913 BBBBulgarians unhappy with the peace settlement BBBBulgaria attacks Serbia OOOOther Balkan countries help Serbia BBBBr and Ger stop Austria from helping Bulgaria
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CCCConsequences of the second Balkan war SSSSerbia strengthened and ready to stir up trouble for Austria AAAAustria determined to end Serbia’s ambitions ( a preventative war ) GGGGermany thought Britain would co- operate if there was another crisis
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SSSSarajevo 28th June 1914 AAAArchduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated AAAAustria sees a chance to finish Serbia GGGGets « blank cheque » from Germany UUUUltimatum to Serbia, then war declared RRRRussia mobilises GGGGermany launches Schlieffen plan BBBBritain declares war
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The First world war begins July / August 1914 July / August 1914
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