1. The Liver
Objectives
Describe, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the histology and gross structure of the liver.
Describe the formation of urea in the liver, including an outline of the ornithine cycle.
Describe the roles of the liver in detoxification.

2. Position of the liver
The liver is situated mostly in the top right portion of the abdominal cavity just under the diaphragm. It can be felt as a hardish mass just below the bottom right rib.

3. Structure of the liver

4. Liver basics
Largest internal organ- holds 13% total blood at any one time- can store & release blood acting as a reservoir to compensate for smaller changes in blood volume
Uses up to 20% total energy in body
Made of left & right lobes enclosed by fibrous capsule (Glissons Capsule)
Each lobe formed from hexagonal lobules (100,000)
Dual blood supply: receives blood from 2 blood vessels
The liver receives approximately 30% of resting cardiac output and is therefore a very vascular organ.
The hepatic vascular system is dynamic, meaning that it has considerable ability to both store and release blood - it functions as a reservoir within the general circulation.
In the normal situation, 10-15% of the total blood volume is in the liver, with roughly 60% of that in the sinusoids.
When blood is lost, the liver dynamically adjusts its blood volume and can eject enough blood to compensate for a moderate amount of haemorrhage.
Conversely, when vascular volume is increased, as when fluids are rapidly taken up, the hepatic blood volume expands, providing a buffer against increases in blood volume.

5. The liver and its connections to the blood system
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6. Pulmonary Artery Aorta Pulmonary Vein Vena Cava Hepatic artery
Hepatic Vein
Hepatic Portal vein
HEART
LUNG
LIVER
HPV: rich in sugars, amino acids insulin/glucagon (straight from pancresa) Delivers x3 blood volume than Hepatic artery.
INTESTINE
BODY

7. Hepatocytes Make up roughly 80% of the mass of the liver
Nuclei are distinctly round
Hepatocytes are exceptionally active in synthesis of protein and lipids for export therefore have large quantities of both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
Lots of Glycogen granules and vesicles containing very low density lipoproteins

8. Glycogen granules within hepatocytes
Glycogen granules can make up to 8% mass of cells

10. The arrangement of liver cells into cylindrical lobules
Blood moves from outside of lobule from HPV and HA  HV
Blood from HPV and HA mix and enter channels called SINUSOIDS
Hepatocytes lining the SINUSOIDS absorb products in blood and secrete products into the blood as it flows over them.
Interlobular vessels: on outside of lobule: triad – three vessels: distinguishable as vein artery + other
The branches of HV have thin vessel walls and recieve more blood from the sinusoids from each plate (layer) of lobule: link to from bigger branches
Interlobular vessels (triad) 10

11. The arrangement of liver cells in a lobule
Stress
Direction of blood flow outside  inside
Sinusoids are dilated capillaires: thin endothelial cells the body fluid filled space in between the hepatocytes and endothelium ois called the PERISINUSOIDAL SPACE or SPACE OF DISSE. Fluid percolate through the endothelial cells and make contact with the uunderlying hepatcytes. Hepatocytes have microvillis x 6 fold increase in surface area. 11

12. SPECIALISED MACROPHAGE CELL CHANNEL
SPACE BETWEEN LIVER CELL AND SINUSOID (BLOOD PLASMA)
MICROVILLI ON THE HEPATOCYTES AID ABSORPTION OF BLOOD BORNE SOLUBLE CHEMICALS ETC FOR UPTAKE AND STORAGE. Lots of microvilli project.
SPECIALISED LIVER CELL- MICROVILLI
DELIVERS BLOOD IN TO LIVER LOBULE
OUTSIDE OF LOBULE
INSIDE OF LOBULE

13. The sinusoids Direction of blood flow is outside  inside lobule.
Hepatocytes have microvilli to increase SA
Kupffer cells in SINUSOID are phagocytic cells (derived from monocytes). They ingest bacteria from blood and breakdown billirubin for absorption into hepatocytes
Hepatocytes
Release: plasma proteins (prothrombin, albumin, fibrinogen), lipoproteins and cholesterol
Absorb: insulin, glucose, minerals, vitamins, blood borne toxins for detox.

14. Bile Canaliculus
Hepatocytes separated by a second channel: bile canaliculus
Hepatocytes close to a bile canaliculus are rich in Golgi apparatus for transport of bile constituents into the channels
Transfers fluid inside  outside of lobule
Contents drained into hepatic bile duct: continuous with the common bile duct, which delivers bile into the duodenum, diverting through the gall bladder
Drains up to 1 litre bile per day

16. Composition of Bile
Bile is a yellowish-green liquid that hepatic cells secrete
It includes water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and electrolytes.
Bile salts made from cholesterol.
Bile pigments are breakdown products from red blood cells
Only the bile salts have a digestive function.
Bile can make your repeated vomit/vomit on empty stomach that unpleasant colour green/yellow and very bitter.
Liver and spleen break down some of the haemoglobin to haem and globin.
Phagocytic cells of many parts of the body, including the liver take it up - Kuppfer cells ingest the Hb, they remove the iron from it.
The iron is then combined with a plasma protein called transferrin.
This complex may be taken up by the bone marrow cells for new Hb and red blood cell production or it may be taken up by the hepatocytes for storage.
The non-iron part of the Hb is converted into a green-yellow pigment (bilirubin) and is released into the bile as an excretory product.
•Globin hydrolysed to amino acids  protein synthesis.
•Neonatal jaundice if liver cannot excrete bilirubin  accumulates in blood. UV light helps break down.

17. Branch of Hepatic Portal Vein
Branch of Hepatic Vein
Branch of Hepatic Portal Vein
Liver Lobule
Branches of Hepatic Artery

18. Liver Histology