1. Signal Transduction-1 Chapter 19.1 February 12 Lecture 10 1

2. Biosignaling 2 Cells must have the ability to receive and act on signals from beyond their own plasma membrane Examples Chemotaxis – cells move toward a food source Sporulation – cells sense nutrient- depleted environment and become dormant Chemical signals represent critical information that are detected by specific receptors and converted into a cellular response. Signal Transduction Conversion of extracellular information into a chemical change

3. General Features of Signal Transduction 3 Specificity is achieved by precise molecular complementarity between the signal and receptor molecules What types of IM forces do you think guide the specificity? Extra specificity built into expression profile of certain cell types Thyrotropin-releasing hormone triggers response in pituitary cells but not hepatocytes Epinephrine alters glycogen metabolism in hepatocytes but not adipocytes 1.Affinity of receptors for signal molecules Often sub-nanomolar 2.Cooperativity in the interaction Small changes in ligand concentration results in large changes in receptor activation 3. Amplification of the signal Receptor is activated, which catalyzes the activation of many equivalents of a 2 nd enzyme….

4. Enzyme Cascades 4 Signal is very commonly propagated by a series of phosphate transfer reactions What amino acids are likely involved?

5. Kinase Cascades 5

6. Two Component Systems 6

7. Scatchard Analysis 7

8. Hormones and Classifications 8 In eukaryotes, intercellular signals occur through mediated release of hormones (chemical messengers) Classified by the distance over which the carry a message Endocrine hormones – act on cells distant from the site of release Paracrine hormones – act on cells close to the site of release Autocrine hormones – act on the same cell