2. Athenian Empire 461-429 bc Under Athenian leadership, the league expelled Persians from all Greek city-states Pericles =prime figure in Athens politics Pericles turned Athens into a direct democracy, people participated directly through mass meetings, every male citizen could vote in the general assembly Pericles made lower class citizens eligible for public office

3. Great Peloponnesian War Greek world had become divided between Athens and Sparta War broke due to series of disputes Athens planned to win by staying behind its walls Spartans surrounded Athens and hoped they would come out and fight Pericles, leader of Athens, knew they could not beat Spartans In 430 bc plague broke out in Athens – 1/3 of people were killed, but Athenians fought for 27 more years Athens was defeated in 405 bc War weakened the Greek city-states

8. Geography Mountains No farm land Rivers Shallow- bad Sea become sailors traders Regions Macedonia Attica Peloponnesian Islands Minoans Lived in Crete Mostly traders Poor Land Sophisticated Great Navy Invaded Mycenea Located in Peloponnesia Warrior culture Homer Illiad Odyssey Dark Ages

9. City State Polis Loyal to city state Fort on hill – acropolis Market place – agora Different types Monarchy Oligarchy Tyranny Democracy Athens Monarchy – king – Draco Oligarchy – Solon – give up debts Democracy – Cleisthenes Sparta Oligarchy military Sparta Located Peloponnesia Military society Boys in military barracks age 7 to 60 Ultimate fighters Not big on education Slaves Helots 8:1 Athens Located in Attica Citizen is highest Education Homer Lyre – music Gov’t Not big on military – only served 2 years

10. PERSIAN WAR Greeks revolt in Ionia area of Asia Minor (modern day Turkey) Persian king Darius attacks Greek city-states City-states unite against Persians in this war Battle of Marathon Greeks win w/ advanced technology (hoplite/phalanx) Darius goes home Persian revenge by Darius’ son Xerxes Battle of Thermopylae 300 Spartans hold off Persians so Greeks can prepare Persians finally break through to Athens Battle of Salamis Athenian Greeks under leader Thermosticles Greeks retreat to island of Salamis Greeks trick Persians into bringing heavy boats to Salamis Quick Greek boats trap and burn heavy boats Persians lose Age of Pericles After war, protection league is Delian League led by Athens Golden Age (Parthenon built with Delian league money) Height of Democracy (any male citizen now holds office) Athens gains power Delian League becomes Athenian Empire (Sparta mad) Peloponnesian War Sparta vs. Athens (civil war) Sparta surrounds Athens for 27 years Athens gets food from allies delivered to their protected harbor Plague strikes Athens Pericles the leader dies Confusion Sparta with Persia (old enemies) unite to starve out Athens Athens gives up Sparta rules Greece (poorly) confusion everywhere Macedonian king Phillip II will take over His son Alex the Great will succeed him and spread Greek culture

11. Sparta vs Athens Sparta Peloponnesian Islands No natural protection Become fierce military 7 yrs old train to kill and fight until age 60 No reading but military education Girls physical education Aim to produce perfect fighters Ruled by 2 kings – oligarchy Helots – slaves (8:1 so Spartans had to be extra strong) Athens Attica Fort on hill- acropolis Boys to school age 7 Educated w Homer, music lyre, and gov’t Raising good citizens Not so big on military Slaves Assembly voted on laws Adult at 30