1. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Applications of cryogenic detectors in materials research: opportunities for novel instruments Kimmo Kinnunen NSC GNBI June 2009

2. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Collaborators  JYU NSC –Prof. Ilari Maasilta  JYU Accelerator Lab –Prof. Harry Whitlow  Lund University Kemicentrum –Prof. Villy Sundström  NIST, Boulder USA –Kent Irwin, Joel Ullom  Aivon  Star Cryoelectronics  Oxford Instruments Analytical Possibly:  Kobelco

3. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Project vision  A new type of X-ray spectrometer with both dramatically high resolution and high efficiency.  Find novel applications for our instrument. –Science –Go commercial? Crystal diffraction + high resolution - low efficiency X-Ray spectrometers Si:Li + high efficiency - low resolution Our device + high resolution + high efficiency - need low temperature

4. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Transition-edge sensor (TES)  Radiation absorbing element + thermometer in weak thermal contact to a substrate at low temperature.  Thermometer = a thin film superconductor operated within transition  large electric signal from small temperature change.  Readout by SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device)  ultimate sensitivity.  Imaging arrays possible (but not trivial)

5. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Existing TES applications  Cosmology –NASA, ESA, … Scientific satellites Ground-based telescopes

6. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Existing TES applications  Terrestrial –4 K sub-mm imaging arrays concealed weapons detection VTT, NIST –Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) 10 x better than Si! Material analysis (semiconductor industry) Vericold

7. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Two novel applications  XAFS(X-ray Absorption Fine Structure)  PIXE (Particle-Induced X-ray Emission) In the near future we will get a new instrument which will enable us to pursue these applications. ADR cooler + multiplexing SQUID electronics. TES detectors will be made at JYU. Setup at NIST:

8. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center XAFS  Basically, one shines x-rays at a target and measures what comes through.  Obtain information on atomic structure and chemical state.  Target can be disordered material.  The goal of this project is to develop a table-top experimental setup for sub-ps X-ray spectroscopy to obtain molecular time scale geometrical and electronic structural information of chemical and biological processes for deeper insights into molecular reaction mechanisms.

9. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Why XAFS? NOVEL SOLAR CELL MATERIALS NOVEL SOLAR CELL MATERIALS ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS NATURAL PIGMENTS CHEMICAL REACTION DYNAMICS CHEMICAL REACTION DYNAMICS

10. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Two approaches to time-resolved XAFS SYNCHROTRON 100-500 ps resolution limited access proven LASER-BASED < 1 ps resolution unlimited access x-ray source developed operation with TES detectors to be tested

11. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Sub-ps X-ray spectroscopy  Experimental setup:

12. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center PIXE  Similar to Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) – 5-30 kev electron beam is replaced with MeV proton beam  X-ray background is dramatically reduced  High sensitivity ppm -> ppb (in some cases)

13. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center PIXE  Use of scanned and focused beam allows trace element mapping.  Able to analyse “impossible” samples where trace element lines are swamped by near-lying lines from major elements.  Chemical shift opens possibility to do mapping of not only elements but also their compounds.

14. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Roles of the collaborators NSCNISTStar Cryo Detector array,SQUIDsCryogenic system, Expertise in Readout electronicsFabrication of TESs & cryogenicsdetectors possible NSCNISTStar Cryo Detector array,SQUIDsCryogenic system, Expertise in Readout electronicsFabrication of TESs & cryogenicsdetectors possible

15. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Roles of the collaborators NSCNISTStar Cryo Detector array,SQUIDsCryogenic system, Expertise in Readout electronicsFabrication of TESs & cryogenicsdetectors possible NSCNISTStar Cryo Detector array,SQUIDsCryogenic system, Expertise in Readout electronicsFabrication of TESs & cryogenicsdetectors possible Lund University X-ray source. Expertise in fs-laser systems & XAFS method. Lund University X-ray source. Expertise in fs-laser systems & XAFS method. JYU Accelerator lab Pelletron, expertise in accelerator based science. Kobelco Accelerators JYU Accelerator lab Pelletron, expertise in accelerator based science. Kobelco Accelerators XAFSPIXE

16. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Roles of the collaborators NSCNISTStar Cryo Detector array,SQUIDsCryogenic system, Expertise in Readout electronicsFabrication of TESs & cryogenicsdetectors possible NSCNISTStar Cryo Detector array,SQUIDsCryogenic system, Expertise in Readout electronicsFabrication of TESs & cryogenicsdetectors possible Lund University X-ray source. Expertise in fs-laser systems & XAFS method. Lund University X-ray source. Expertise in fs-laser systems & XAFS method. JYU Accelerator lab Pelletron, expertise in accelerator based science. Kobelco Accelerators JYU Accelerator lab Pelletron, expertise in accelerator based science. Kobelco Accelerators AivonOxford Instruments FundingMarketing channels, expertise in Fabrication of detectors possible x-ray instrumentation AivonOxford Instruments FundingMarketing channels, expertise in Fabrication of detectors possible x-ray instrumentation XAFSPIXE

17. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Some concerns…  Role of NIST? –Licencing technology? Star cryo / Aivon –May be possible to use VTT SQUID & readout in the future Aivon  Can NSC fabrication facilities go industrial? Aivon / Star cryo

18. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Business model: sell hardware & support PIXE  Accelerators very expensive  sell as add-in option for Kobelco system.  Sell a spectrometer to existing facilities? Common unit: cryogenics + detectors + readout. Estimated cost >200 kEur.

19. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Business model: sell hardware & support PIXE  Accelerators very expensive  sell as add-in option for Kobelco system.  Sell a spectrometer to existing facilities? XAFS  A unique tool.  Lasers not too cheap either, but compared to a synchrotron…  How long from research to product?  Who are the customers? Common unit: cryogenics, detectors, readout. Estimated cost >200 kEur.

20. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Business model: measurement service PIXE  Customer: semiconductor industry, …  JYU accelerator lab already has some analysis services being sold. Could integrate with ours & spin off? Need (initially) only one spectrometer.

21. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Business model: measurement service PIXE  Customer: semiconductor industry, …  JYU accelerator lab already has some analysis services being sold. Could integrate with ours & spin off? XAFS  X-ray source in Lund.  NSC also has good laser facilities, could set up a source here.  Can compete with synchrotrons.  Who is the customer? Need (initially) only one spectrometer.

22. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Commercial prospects, why now?  There are numerous emerging applications for ultrasensitive cryogenic detectors, and many material science applications are still unexplored.  Significant advances in cryogenic technologies in the past few years facilitate easy cooling down to 50 mK. –Pulse tube coolers  No cryogenic liquids needed –Push-button operation  Non-experts can use.  TES technology has matured sufficiently.  TES detectors offer significant advantages over existing methods for materials analysis.