1. MEMORY Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) multi-store model of memory

2. Multi-store model of memory  The memory model that visualises memory as a system consisting of multiple memory store through which a stream of data flows for processing.  For information to be stored, it must pass through three memory stores:  Sensory memory  Short-term memory  Long-term memory

4. Sensory Memory  First stage  In the form of sight, sound, taste, smell, touch  Receives and stores information briefly for a few seconds  Our sensory memory will fade rapidly if information is ignored  Believed by psychologists to have a sensory register (sub-system of sensory memory)

5. Sensory Register Iconic Memory  Visual information  Shape, size and colour  It stores in a form of an icon for about 1/3 to ½ of a second  Capacity is unlimited Echoic Memory  Auditory information  Duration(storage time)-temporary and sounds remain as an echo  Up to 3-4 seconds  Capacity is unlimited

6. Short-term Memory (STM)  Second stage  Stores a limited information, unless information is rehearsed  Holds thoughts, information and experiences  Receives information from sensory memory and Long-term memory  STM capacity, STM duration and Serial- position effect

7. STM capacity  STM has limited storage capacity and can hold only small amounts of information  An average STM can hold approximately 7 (+ or – 2): seven single items (give or take one or two) of unrelated information at one time

8. 8 5 1 7 4 9 3 Note to Ms Forster:- Activity: requires paper and pen. The girls will be ask to read and quickly write what they can remember.

9. 7 1 8 3 5 4 2 9 1 6 3 4 Activity

10. Increasing STM’s capacity: Chunking  STM can’t hold more than 7(+ or – 2) items of information at once so chunking is a method to increase STM’s capacity  Chunking works by grouping separate items of information to form a larger single information.

11. TV IBM NFL VIC This is harder to remember! By chunking it’s easier to remember

12. STM duration  Limited duration  18-20 seconds  Can be prolonged by ‘rehearsal’ which can take the form of either:  Maintenance rehearsal or  Elaborative rehearsal

13. Increasing STM’s duration: Maintenance Rehearsal  Involves repeating information(silently or verbally)  The more times information is rehearsed, the longer it is held in STM, and the higher its chances are of being stored in LTM.  Example:  Remembering a new telephone number for a short period of time before dialling it.

14. Advantages & Disadvantages  Stores longer than the usual 18-20 seconds  Good for remembering meaningless information  Easily interrupted by information entering STM from sensory memory of LTM  Doesn’t add to understanding  Limited effective- ness in transferring information from STM to LTM.

15. Increasing STM’s Duration: Elaborative Rehearsal  Involves linking new information in some meaningful ways with information already stored in LTM or with other piece of new information, to hold it longer than 18-20 seconds in STM.  Self-referencing : linking information to self or personal experience which increases chances of LTM retention.

16. Advantages & Disadvantages  Increases understanding  Adds more detail (increases retrieval chances)  Increases long- term retention  Makes information more accessible  Longer maintenance rehearsals  Difficult to practice  Relies on the ability to retrieve information previously stored in LTM  Requires more conscious effort

17. Serial-position effect  Helps move information from STM to LTM  Organisation helps in retrieval  Recalling is better in the beginning or end of items list than for items in the middle  This has two effects :  Recency effect- recalling the end of items list first  Primacy effect- recalling the beginning of items list first

18. Long-Term Memory (LTM)  Third stage  Permanent memory storage of unlimited amount of information  When information is required at a later date, we retrieve information by locating it in LTM and returning it to conscious awareness  Information not only flows from STM to LTM, but can also flow back from LTM to STM  LTM stores information in an organised manner based on its meaning and importance.