1. Behavior Plants and Animals

2. What is behavior? Anything an animal does in response to a stimulus in the environment. Behavior can be inherited or innate. Innate behavior are coded for in the DNA of that organism. Behavior can be learned.

3. Innate behaviors Reflex: simple automatic response that involves no conscious control. Reflexes have survival advantages. Organisms with faster reflexes are less likely to get hurt or die. Examples: blinking when something comes toward your eyes, jerking your hand away from something hot.

4. Fight or Flight Response Controlled by the adrenal gland which releases adrenaline. Adrenaline speeds up your heart, increases breathing, and prepares you to either run for your life or fight for your life. Think of the last time you have a near accident. How you felt is an example of this response.

5. Instinctive Behavior Instinct is a complex pattern of behavior. This type of behavior can take minutes to complete or months. It begins when an animal recognizes a stimulus. It sets off a series of behaviors that continue until all parts are completed.

6. Fixed Action Patterns A frog sees an insect move. This stimulus sends a signal to the frog’s brain that starts a fixed action response. The brain sends a signal out and causes the frog to flip out its tongue to catch the insect. The frog must see the insect move to set off this behavior. A frog will starve to death if only fed dead nonmoving insects. They do not set off this reaction.

7. Egg rolling in geese

8. Courtship Behavior Courtship makes sure that males and females of the same species recognize each other, mate, and reproduce. A species will become extinct if mating stops. Most of the time the male courts the female. She can chose to mate with him or can refuse him for another.

9. This is the nest of the male bower bird. He has decorated it with blue objects in the hopes of attracting a female.

11. Territoriality Territory is a physical space an animal protects and defends against other individuals. This area may contain its breeding area, feeding area, and potential mates. Many animals mark the boundaries of their territory with urine that contains pheromones. Territoriality reduces competition.

13. Aggressive behavior Animals use aggressive behavior to intimidate another individual. They do this to defend their territory, young, food, water, or mates. They rarely fight to the death. One usually backs down or leaves.

14. What are some ways animals show aggression?

15. Dominance Hierarchies Animals that live in groups usually develop levels of importance or dominance in their group. In a dominance hierarchy, there is usually one or two dominant individuals. In birds it is called a pecking order. The desire to form a dominance hierarchy is innate but each individual learns its place in the group.

18. Taxis Movement toward or away from a stimulus. Toward is called positive taxis. Away is called negative taxis.

19. Phototaxis PositiveNegative

20. Chemotaxis PositiveNegative

21. Internal and external cues to behavior Some instinctive behavior occurs in response to changes in internal biological clocks.

22. Circadian rhythms Behaviors that occur every 24 hours.

23. How is an owl’s circadian rhythm different from our’s?

24. Migration Occurs yearly or seasonally. Most animals migrate because of food needs or breeding. Some animal use the sun, stars, or the earth’s magnetic field to guide their way.

25. Migrating Monarch Butterflies

26. Hibernation Animals that do not migrate may hibernate during the winter

27. Why are these squirrels gathering nuts?

28. Estivation Some animals that live year round in very hot climates may estivate during periods of drought or lack of food.

29. Adaptive value of Biological Clocks Prepares animals for changing seasons Reduces competition Allows for offspring to be born in a favorable environment

30. Learned behaviors Need a teacher or role model Practice More common in vertebrates Has a survival advantage in changing environments Behavior can be changed in response to environmental changes. Innate behaviors do not change! Organisms with short life spans use little to no learned behavior.

31. Habituation Learn not to respond to a repeated stimulus. Ticking clock Highway noise A parent’s voice

32. Imprinting Birds and mammals learn who their mother is. Occurs soon after hatching or birth Is irreversible Insures the young of parental care and protection.

33. Konrad Lorenz

34. Trial and error learning OR Operant conditioning – Positive and Negative reinforcements Involves a reward or incentive for a desired response Time it takes to complete the task gets shorter with practice

35. Classical Conditioning Learn by association Example: a house cat comes running when it hears an electric can opener. It has learned to associate the sound with being fed.

36. Pavlov’s dogs

37. Insight Most complex type of learning Uses prior experience to solve a new problem Putting a puzzle together, protecting from predators

38. Adapting to environmental pressures Mimicry- harmless species evolves to look like a harmful species

39. Adaptive coloration camouflage

40. courtship

41. defense

42. Parental behavior Young engage in specific behaviors to prompt parental behaviors

43. Feeding strategies Cooperative hunting

44. Evolution of behavioral adaptations Courtship rituals Coevolution Social behavior –Division of labor Workers vs queen –communication

45. Honey Bees

46. Jane Goodall

47. Phototropism

48. Geotropism or Gravitotropism

49. Thigmotropism