3. By 1914 Europe had divided into two sides (alliances):  Central Powers = Germany, Austria- Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, & Italy (for only a short time)  Allies = Britain, France, Russia, other small nations & later the US

7.  France & Germany were long-term enemies- France lost land to Bismarck (Germany) in 1871  Russia & Austria-Hungary were quarreling over borders & control of the Balkans & Serbia  European nations were building up their armies & navies  Militarism

8.  1914 - Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated - next in line for the throne of Austria-Hungary  Ferdinand & his wife were visiting Bosnia  Serbs living in Bosnia believed it should belong to Serbia  The assassin was a Serb and belonged to a revolutionary group called the “Black Hand”— Gavrilo Princip

10.  Austria-Hungary blamed the Serbian government  July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia  Germany supported Austria-Hungary (Central Powers)  Russia supported Serbia  France joined and then Britain (Allies)

12.  Most of the fighting took place in Europe- some fighting in Africa & the Middle East  The war included more than 30 countries, including all major powers  At first, the Central Powers were winning  Italy (CP) remained neutral early in the war—1915 Italy joined the Allies

13.  Fronts were lined with networks of trenches- soldiers fought and lived in the trenches  Soldiers dug long trenches- some were more than a mile long

14. All Quiet on the Western Front

16.  Machine Guns  Airplanes  Zeppelins  Poison Gas (Mustard Gas)  Tanks  Submarines (U-Boats)

19. 3 Fronts in Europe:  Western Front- Belgium to Switzerland  Eastern Front - Baltic Sea to the Black Sea  Southern/Italian Front - between Italy and Austria-Hungary

21.  German submarines attacked British merchant ships  1915- Germany attacked Lusitania (British luxury liner) › 1,198 people died (128 Americans)  1917- German submarines attacked ships of neutral nations including several American merchant ships  1917- The Zimmerman Telegram- Germany offered to help Mexico regain territory from the US in return for their support in the war  April 1917 - US declared war on Germany and joined the Allies  US provided fresh supplies & soldiers  tipped the power in favor of the Allies

24.  November 1917- a revolution took place in Russia › New government signed a peace treaty with Germany & pulled out of war  November 11, 1918 - an armistice (ceasefire) was declared › All fighting was to stop at 11am that day

25.  About 10 million soldiers died  Millions of civilians died from starvation & disease  Russia suffered the most casualties  Total cost of WWI= $337,000,000,000  Europe was weakened

26.  A conference organized by the Allied Powers to negotiate the peace treaties between the Allied Powers and the defeated Central Powers  The conference opened on January 18, 1919 and lasted until January 21, 1920  President Wilson’s Fourteen Points  plan for ending WWI and keeping the peace (only 6 points were put into effect including the League of Nations)  Signing of the Treaty of Versailles and the development of the League of Nations

27.  The Big Four refers to the top Allied leaders who met at the Paris Peace Conference  Also known as the Council of Four  Composed of Woodrow Wilson of the United States, David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Georges Clemenceau of France

28.  Germany: › lost all of its colonies › blamed for the war › paid for many of the war’s costs ($32 billion)  reparations › Forced to disarm - not supposed to rebuild its navy & air force › Allowed to maintain only a small army (huge blow for a nation that took pride in a powerful military)  Humiliated Germany and placed too great an economic burden on the country  another war was inevitable

29.  President Wilson proposed setting up a League of Nations  his “peace plan”  1920- League of Nations set up  1 st organization designed to keep the peace of the entire world › Nations could meet to discuss problems › League of nations had no army to enforce its decisions

31.  US did not support the League of Nations  did not want to be pulled into another war if a member nation was threatened  US did not want anymore wars and wanted to stay out of Europe’s problems  Congress voted against joining the League of Nations

33. Before WWI After WWI