1. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 1 European IPPC Bureau Best Available Techniques (BAT) in the integrated pollution prevention and control system Bianca Maria Scalet European IPPC Bureau Sustainable Production and Consumption Unit Joint Research Centre – Institute for Prospective Technological Studies 26 January 2011

2. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 2 European IPPC Bureau Best available techniques and the integrated pollution prevention control system Permit conditions for industrial installations should be set on the basis of best available techniques (Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU) BAT reference documents (BREFs) are drawn up, reviewed and updated in order to establish BAT conclusions based on best available techniques and associated emission and/or consumption levels Therefore, the identification and use/implementation of BAT is the key issue in the integrated control system

3. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 3 European IPPC Bureau Definition of Best Available Technique Article 3(10) of the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED 2010/75/EU) Best Most effective in achieving a high general level of protection of the environment as a whole Techniques Both the technology used and the way in which the installation is designed, built, maintained, operated and decommissioned Available developed on a scale which allows implementation in the relevant industrial sector, under economically and technically viable conditions, taking into consideration the costs and advantages, whether or not the techniques are used or produced inside the Member State in question, as long as they are reasonably accessible to the operator

4. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 4 European IPPC Bureau Background information for the assessment of BAT Techniques for preventing or reducing emissions or resulting in other environmental benefits, which are available for the industrial sector in question, should be included in the BAT reference document (BREF) Techniques should be presented according to a standard structure (agreed by the Forum) and should be considered for the determination of BAT Sufficient information needed to assess the technique as BAT for the sector concerned will have to be included in the standard structure

5. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 5 European IPPC Bureau How to report and assess a technique Information on each technique should cover the following elements: Description Achieved environmental benefits Cross-media effects Operational data Applicability Economics Driving force for implementation Example plants Reference literature

6. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 6 European IPPC Bureau Description of a technique A technical description may contain important elements which justify limitations to the applicability of the technique: Dimensions of the necessary structure Required temperature Physical and/or chemical characteristics of the released materials (air, water and soil emissions)

7. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 7 European IPPC Bureau Achieved environmental benefits The benefits of a technique may cover a wide range of possibilities: Emissions reduction (air, water, waste, noise) Minimisation of energy use Reduced consumption of raw materials and natural resources (water) Reduced risk of incidents or accidents Whenever applicable, the achieved environmental benefits should be clearly quantified

8. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 8 European IPPC Bureau Cross-media effects The application of a technique is often associated with cross-media effects (side effects) which may result in a clear disadvantage for the implementation of the technique: Shifting of pollution from one environmental medium to another (air to water, air, water to waste) Increased energy consumption (direct and/or indirect emissions) Increase consumption of raw materials (indirect emissions) and water Effects on stratospheric ozone depletion, ozone creation Eutrophication of land and waters from air and water emissions Noise and/or odour Risk of accidents

9. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 9 European IPPC Bureau Operational data The performance of a technique may vary significantly with moderate variations of the operating parameters. It is important to correlate actual performance data with: Reference conditions, averaging periods and monitoring methods applied for the determination of emission levels Consumption of raw materials, water, energy Associated waste generation Age of the installation Production capacity and actual production

10. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 10 European IPPC Bureau Applicability A technique which is successful in one application may have very different implications if used in a different sector or even at a different installation in the same sector Restrictions to the applicability may be associated with: Plant age (new or existing installation) Plant size (large or small) Type of product or quality requirements Factors involved in retrofitting (e.g. space availability) Technical restrictions (temperature window, waste gas composition) Limitations due to availability of raw materials and fuels

11. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 11 European IPPC Bureau Economics The economic viability of the technique should be taken into account in the assessment for the BAT conclusions: Investment and operating costs (including energy, raw materials, waste disposal) Costs for a new installation or retrofitting an existing installation Elements related to the economy of scale Potential savings or revenues should be taken into account: Reduced energy and/or raw material consumption Lower investment costs compared to conventional applications Reduced costs for CO 2 allowances

12. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 12 European IPPC Bureau Driving force for implementation In general, compliance with legal requirements (emission limit values) is the main driving force for the implementation of a technique. Other reasons for implementation may include: Specific local conditions and requirements Energy savings Reduced investment and/or operating costs Increased productivity of the installation Improved product quality

13. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 13 European IPPC Bureau Example plants Data concerning example plants must be collected and used in the BAT reference documents for assessing the performance of the different techniques Reference to example plants where the technique has been applied should be included, together with information on the degree to which the technique is used in Europe and worldwide Example plants provide confidence in the robustness of the technique for the specific industrial sector

14. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 14 European IPPC Bureau Reference literature All reference material provided by the technical working group (TWG) is available to the members of the TWG through the BAT information system (BATIS) All sources of information used for describing the technique in the BREF document and for assessing its suitability to be included among BAT shall be indicated in the document (e.g. books, reports, studies, websites)

15. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 15 European IPPC Bureau Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT The term ‘technique’ includes all measures having a potential for achieving a high level of environmental protection, including: Management systems Process-integrated techniques End-of-pipe measures Among the abatement techniques, both primary and secondary measures are considered: Primary techniques to reduce or prevent the formation of pollutants Secondary techniques which render the pollutants less harmful (converting them to other species) or collect them in a form that can be reused, recycled or disposed of

16. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 16 European IPPC Bureau Assessment of candidate BAT techniques Key element in the assessment process is the available information at the installation level Emission and consumption data, cross-media effects, and associated costs are essential for the application of an integrated approach Complete sets of data are essential to properly compare performance between installations and between techniques

17. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 17 European IPPC Bureau Example 1 – Bag filter as BAT for dust emissions Advantages Very high collection efficiencies Collection of product in dry condition Lower capital cost for simpler applications Effective capture of metals In general, improved removal efficiency of acid gaseous species, e.g. hydrogen fluoride, selenium and boron compounds Disadvantages Solid waste stream not always possible to recycle Increased energy consumption due to higher pressure drop (indirect emissions from electricity production) Gas cooling often required Fabric conditioning or expensive fabric sometimes required Dew point problems leading to blinding of fabric filter Cleaning air (reverse flow) sometimes requires heating Some dusts (sticky/wet) are very difficult to dislodge causing pressure drop to exceed the design value Outlet flue-gas temperature too low for SCR application, requiring waste gases reheating, with an increase of energy consumption of about 5 – 10 % compared to the energy consumption of the melting furnace

18. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 18 European IPPC Bureau Example 2 – Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) as BAT for NO X emissions Advantages: Very high NO X reduction efficiency Reduces NO X from all sources in the furnace, not only thermal NO X Disadvantages: Possible interaction between SCR catalyst and other emissions (e.g. SO 2, boron, potassium compounds) Ammonia is consumed and partly emitted to the air. Cross- media effects related to the ammonia production and the environmental and safety concerns associated with storage and handling. Energy is consumed by the system (indirect emissions) Efficient dust abatement and acid gas scrubbing (low dust and SO 2 levels) are required Relatively high capital cost particularly for small plants (<100 t/d) High space requirement Possible interaction between SCR catalyst and other emissions (e.g. SO 2 ) Due to a required minimum operating temperature, SCR is not compatible with the use of bag filters unless the waste gas is reheated.

19. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 19 European IPPC Bureau Example 3 – Dry scrubbing with alkaline reagent as BAT for SOx emissions, in combination with a filtration system Advantages Substantial reductions in SO X emissions (depending on the specific sulphur balance and recycling) Reduced emissions of other substances (chlorides, fluorides, selenium compounds, other acids, e.g. boric acid) In most glass melting facilities, the collected dust can be recycled, reducing the consumption of new raw materials This is not the case for all sectors (e.g. stone wool). Disadvantages The technique consumes energy (indirect emissions) May result in the generation of a solid residue which cannot always be recycled (especially at high absorption efficiencies), due to an unbalance in the sulphur input-output, chloride accumulation or glass quality issues, thus increasing the waste levels For some sectors (stone wool, continuous filament), need for a total or partial disposal of the solid residue to landfill In most cases, hazardous waste (depending on chemical composition) to be transported over long distances to other countries (e.g. to salt mines in Germany) Involves substantial capital and operating costs

20. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 20 European IPPC Bureau Typical example installation data for bag filter application

21. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 21 European IPPC Bureau Example installation emission data for NO X reduction by SCR technique

22. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 22 European IPPC Bureau BAT conclusions Under Article 3(12) of Directive 2010/75/EC, ‘BAT conclusions’ means a document containing the parts of a BAT reference document laying down the conclusions on best available techniques, in particular: Description of the technique Information to assess the applicability of the technique Emission levels associated with the best available techniques Associated monitoring Associated consumption levels Relevant site remediation measures, where appropriate

23. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 23 European IPPC Bureau General BAT conclusions BAT conclusions may apply to the whole industrial sector (general conclusions), such as: Implementation of an environmental management system Prevention/minimisation of diffuse dust and gaseous emissions from material storage and handling Reduction/minimisation of the energy consumption by constant monitoring of the operational parameters and a programmed maintenance of the furnace, equipment, etc. Careful selection of substances and raw materials Monitoring of emissions and/or other relevant process parameters Operation of waste treatment systems at full capacity during normal operating conditions

24. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 24 European IPPC Bureau BAT conclusions and associated emission or consumption levels Conclusions on BAT with associated emission levels (AELs) or consumption levels (ALs) should indicate: Measure units (mg/Nm 3, kg/tonne product, g/m 2, mg/l, GJ/tonne product, etc.) Reference conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity, O 2 %, etc.) Averaging period (hourly, daily, weekly, yearly) Monitoring requirements Associated emission levels or consumption levels shall refer to normal operating conditions A numerical range with a rationale for the lower-end and the upper-end should be indicated The lower-end of the range should be based on data from best performing installations (for the specific environmental indicator)

25. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 25 European IPPC Bureau Elements in a ‘useful’ BAT conclusion 42. BAT is to: reduce VOC emissions to 10 – 50 mg/Nm 3 as a daily average (by continuous monitoring of emissions) by using the following techniques individually or in combination: Objective/ environmental benefit Performance associated with BAT Technique(s) to satisfy the objective and meet the performance target Examples:  Reduce emissions to air  Minimise water consumption  Optimise energy consumption  Prevent soil contamination  Minimise the use of raw  materials TechniqueDescriptionApplicability Waste gas incinerationThermal incineration of organic pollutants with oxidation to CO 2, H 2 O, etc. The technique is generally applicable Not applicable to large waste gas volumes with low VOC concentrations (not economically viable) Minimising the losses of solvent by ensuring a good sealing of the application system Optimised design and maintenance of the application system The technique is generally applicable

26. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 26 European IPPC Bureau BAT AEL: 10 – 20 mg/l (monthly average) BAT range in current BREF Example for BAT-AEL assessment on total suspended solids

27. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 27 European IPPC Bureau Example of general BAT conclusions on monitoring of emissions 7. BAT is to carry out the monitoring of emissions and/or other relevant process parameters on a regular basis, including the items listed below.

28. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 28 European IPPC Bureau Example of BAT conclusion on metal emissions 1/2 29. BAT is to reduce metal emissions from the melting furnace by applying the following measures/techniques individually or in combination:

29. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 29 European IPPC Bureau Example of BAT conclusion on metal emissions 2/2 The emission levels of metals given in Table 19 are associated with the application of best available techniques (BAT-AELs) to the production of flat glass, with the exception of selenium coloured glasses.

30. Workshop on Introducing integrated pollution control system – Kiev, 25 – 26 January, 2011 30 European IPPC Bureau Thank you for your attention Bianca Maria SCALET European IPPC Bureau bianca-maria.scalet@ec.europa.eu@ec.europa.eu Tel.: +34 954 488 453 http://eippcb.jrc.es