1. Paraphrase Borrowed ideas presented in the language of the researcher/writer (uses your own words and sentence structure to communicate the source’s ideas) Ideas must be accurate, but the paraphrase is not enclosed in quotation marks.

2. Essay 2 Requirements Incorporate at least four paraphrases of source material that supplement your own ideas and show your ability to incorporate source ideas into your own writing style.

3. Why paraphrase? Especially useful if a passage isn’t as powerfully worded or quite as important as what you quote. Prevents you from over-quoting and exceeding the 15% limit on quotations. Gives you greater credibility than numerous quotations. May be more concise than the original passage. May be more stylistically effective than quotations.

4. Examples Original Passage: “These are the times that try men’s souls.”—Thomas Paine, The American Crisis, December 23, 1776 Paraphrase: This period is very challenging for everyone.

5. Original Passage: “Of course, everyone has had a feeling of doubt about the ability to navigate, frustration from the lack of information received, and concern that the mistake could cost time, money or, in some cases, safety” (Vanderklipp 208). Paraphrase: This common difficulty of finding one’s way not only annoys and delays, but it also may contribute to financial losses and an unsafe environment (Vanderklipp 208).

6. Paraphrasing Pitfalls to Avoid Your paraphrase may not change the meaning of the original passage. You may not merely substitute a few words or rearrange the order of words from the original passage, which is a form of plagiarism. EXCEPTIONS: Words that are extremely common or have no acceptable synonym (articles, prepositions, proper names, dates)

7. Original Passage: “Of course, everyone has had a feeling of doubt about the ability to navigate, frustration from the lack of information received, and concern that the mistake could cost time, money or, in some cases, safety” (Vanderklipp 208). Plagiarized Paraphrase: It is certain that every person has felt doubt about being able to find their way, frustrated by not enough information, and worried that an error might cost time, funds, or even security (Vanderklipp 208). NOTE: Some words are unchanged, and the original sentence structure and phrasing remain.

8. Original Passage: “Of course, everyone has had a feeling of doubt about the ability to navigate, frustration from the lack of information received, and concern that the mistake could cost time, money or, in some cases, safety” (Vanderklipp 208). Thorough Paraphrase: This common difficulty of finding one’s way not only annoys and delays, but it also may contribute to financial losses and an unsafe environment (Vanderklipp 208). NOTE: Wording, phrasing, and even sentence structure have changed.

9. Integrating Paraphrases Correctly Introduce the paraphrase – Use a short phrase with a comma – Use a full sentence with a colon – Combine with your own sentence with no additional punctuation Include the writer’s last name in the introduction to the paraphrase or in the parentheses at the end. Include the page number (if there is one) in parentheses at the end of the paraphrase. Place the final period after the parentheses.

10. Short Phrase with Comma According to Vanderklipp, this common difficulty of finding one’s way not only annoys and delays, but it also may contribute to financial losses and an unsafe environment (208). According to one author, this common difficulty of finding one’s way not only annoys and delays, but it also may contribute to financial losses and an unsafe environment (Vanderklipp 208).

11. Full Sentence with Colon Vanderklipp also notes the risks of ineffective wayfinding: this common difficulty of finding one’s way not only annoys and delays, but it also may contribute to financial losses and an unsafe environment (208). A recent article on wayfinding on college campuses also notes the risks of ineffective wayfinding: this common difficulty of finding one’s way not only annoys and delays, but it also may contribute to financial losses and an unsafe environment (Vanderklipp 208).

12. Your Sentence, No Punctuation Vanderklipp points out that this common difficulty of finding one’s way not only annoys and delays, but it also may contribute to financial losses and an unsafe environment (208). One recent article even points to ineffective wayfinding as a possible cause of financial losses and an unsafe environment (Vanderklipp 208).