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Asian Multilateralism Korean Perspectives December 09, 2013 You-Ra Kim
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1. History of Korea’s Multilateralism 2. Current Status A. Drivers: 1) Security 2) Economic B. Approaches: 1) US-centric 2) Asia-centric 3) US in Asia 3. Obstacles 4. Future Regionalism for Korea
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Phase 1 (1940-50): Ideological Battle, anti-communism bloc ·No concessions for communism (Normalization China: 1992/ Russia: 1990) ·Democracy in North Korea High US-dependency(Normalization Japan: 1965) Southeast Asia Treaty Organization 1954 (SATO) South Korea-US Mutual Defense Treaty 1953 Political/security related than economic
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Phase 2 (1960-80):Détente-The End of the Cold War ·US military presence reduced (increased insecurity) ·Military rule-use of fear factor for justification Strained US-alliance with diverging threat perceptions Normalization-US, Japan, China, Russia (Isolation) Skepticism and strict censorship
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Phase 3 (1980-90):The End of Authoritarian Regime ·1988, Suggestion on six-party consultative conference ·1991 Basic Agreement Mini-Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) in Northeast Asia Four-party talks Maintaining a strong US alliance while pursuing regional cooperation (political+economical)
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Phase 4 (1990-): Deepening Regional Ties ·Expanding regional trade-European Union, NAFTA ·1997 Asian economic crisis Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI), ASEAN plus three (APT) Six party talks Support for multilateral efforts to address economic and security concerns (middle power diplomacy)
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1) Security · North Korea (nuclear) · Northeast Asia (US, China, Russia, Japan) · Six-party talks · Peace mechanism for confidence building
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2) Economy · Export-dependent · Major trading partners Exports ToTrade ValueShareGrowth (thousands)(%)(% 5yr) China90,958,55223.7182.80 United States46,153,70112.037.29 Japan27,848,5517.2628.37 Hong Kong19,484,6135.087.49 Singapore16,049,4324.18183.92 Germany10,304,3332.6923.65 Russia9,546,7782.49308.13 Mexico8,922,9342.33198.05 India8,735,3942.28140.54 Indonesia7,641,1031.99107.80 Source: http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/south-korea/tradestats Global Exports in 2008 by Korea, South Market Value: 383,590 (millions)
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1) US-centric ·Limited effect of multilateralism ·The nature of security concerns on the peninsula-significant US role (US v China) ·Check against the Japanese rearmament 2) Asia-centric ·Asian community (EU, United States) 3) US-in-Asia ·Balance for US and China ·Considers ‘Asia-centric’ unrealistic (US-Japan) ·Bind major powers-a solution for security dilemma (six-party talks)
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Identity Politics ·History (Korea-Japan, Sino-Japan, Korea-China) ·Politics (distrust, inconsistency)
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·Multilateralism? Security Economy ·Approach? US-in-Asia “ An advocate for cooperation, establish mechanisms for promoting regional cooperation in a way that is nonthreatening to the US (and China)”
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S. Korea Unite States N. Korea Japan Russia China ASEAN
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Edited by David Shambaugh (2005)“Power Shift, pg. 151-169" University of California Press Sang-bae Kim (2011) “Middle Power’s Diplomatic Strategies i n the Perspective of Networks: Applying Theories of Structura l Holes and Positional Power” The Korean Journal of Internati onal Relations Collection 51. Book 3
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