1. Mr. Snell

2.  Rome enlarged territory  Republican form of government grew unstable.  Dictator would emerge.  Influence would spread far and wide.

3.  Increasing wealth and boundaries = problems.  Discontent of lower classes.  Break down of military order.  Shook up the republic  New political system emerged.

4.  Gap between rich and poor grew wider.  Huge estates for landowners.  1/3 population were slaves working them.  Small farmers can’t compete, sell land to larger farmers.  Formed the urban poor – ¼ of Rome’s people.

5.  Tiberius & Gaius – 2 tribunes who tried to help Rome’s poor.  Wanted to limit estate size and give the poor land.  Made a lot of senator enemies.  Both met violent deaths.  Civil War – conflict between groups within the same country.

6.  Republic grew more unstable.  Generals began to seize power for themselves.  The citizen soldier was replaced with soldiers for hire - mercenary  Could allow a military leader with supported troops to take over anything by force.

7.  60 B.C.E. Triumvirate – group of 3 rulers.  Caesar – military general  Crassus – wealthy roman  Pompey – a popular general  Dominated Rome for 10 years, after Caesar was elected Consul in 58 B.C.E.

8.  Spent his 1 year as consul.  Governor of Gaul (France)  Led his legions into conquering all of Gaul.  Earned their loyalty and devotion.  Citizens of Rome favored Caesar.  Intimidated his political rival, Pompey.

9. Caesar crossing the Rubicon leads to civil war!

10.  Senate ordered him to disband legions and return back to Rome.  Defied this order  Eventually marched his army to Rome, Pompey fled.  Caesar defeated Pompey’s armies in Greece, Spain, Asia, and Egypt.  Return to Rome in 46 B.C.E.  Senate appoints him dictator that same year.  44 B.C.E. appointed dictator for life.

11.  Absolute ruler  Granted citizenship to people in the provinces.  Expanded the senate with his friends and supporters.  Jobs for the poor – construction based.  Colonies for people without land to own property.  Increased pay for soldiers.

12.  Some nobles feared his rising popularity and success.  Feared losing their influence.  Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius plotted his assassination with some senators.  March 4 th, 44 B.C.E. Caesar was stabbed to death in the senate chamber.

14.  Civil war broke out and destroyed remaining Roman Republic.  3 of Caesars formed 2 nd Triumvirate to crush the assassins.  Mark Antony  Octavian  Lepidus  Failed alliance ending in jealousy/violence.  Octavian forced Lepidus to retire.  Mark Antony & Octavian became rivals.  Mark Antony falls in love with Queen Cleopatra of Egypt.  Mark Antony vs Octavian = defeat for Mark Antony.  Mark Antony & Cleopatra commit suicide together.

16.  Restored some of Rome’s Republic.  Became unchallenged ruler of Rome.  Augustus – “Exalted one”  Imperator – “Supreme military commander’  Rome was now an empire ruled by one man.

17.  Peak of power lasted from 27 B.C.E. to 180 C.E.  207 years of peace and prosperity.  “Pax Romana” – Roman peace.  3 million sq miles of land.  60-80 million people.  1 million living in Rome itself.

19. The First Roman Dynasty

20.  The Augustus:  Stabilized the frontier.  Glorified Rome with public buildings.  Created civil service government system.  Civil Service:  Workers are paid to manage affairs of gov’t. ▪ Grain supply, tax collection, postal system.  Style of government would continue after his death in 14 C.E.

21.  Agriculture – most important industry in empire!  90% of the people were engaged in farming.  Most Romans survived on local food.  Complex roads led Rome to trade with the rest of the world, such as:  Persia & Southern Russia.  China & India

22.  Rome emphasized discipline, strength, loyalty.  Romans honored strength more than beauty.  Power more than grace.  Usefulness more than elegance.  Most people lived in the country-side to farm.

23.  Slavery was a significant part of Roman life.  Up to 1/3 of population may have been slaves.  Rome used more slaves than any other civilization.  Usually were conquered peoples, and their future children.  Slaves could be bought and sold.  Slaves were property of the owner.  They could be punished, rewarded, set free, or put to death.  Forced into hard labor & cruel lives.  Strong healthy male slaves became gladiators, or professional fighters who were forced to fight in contests.  Over 1 million slaves would try to rebel trying to gain their freedom.

24.  In Rome, government and religion were linked.  Romans were expected to worship the gods at private ritual shrines and in public ceremonies conducted by priests.  During the empire, worship of the emperor also became part of the official religion of Rome.

26.  Rich lived extravagantly  Spent tons of money on luxury.  Boiled ostrich & parrot-tongue pie  Most Romans barely had enough to get by.  High unemployment.  Grain rations from government.  Fire was always a danger.  The government decided to distract the poor.

28.  150 holidays a year by 250 C.E.  Coliseum – huge arena built for Roman games.  Animal Violence (tigers, lions, bears)  Man vs animal fight to the death  Gladiatiors  Flooding the Colosseum  Criminal Executions…Icarus & Mucuius Scaevola  “Ave, imperator, morituri te salutant”  A new religion would also emerge-Christianity.