1. chapter 11 Data Analysis Author name here for Edited books chapter ?? Insert Your Chapter Title Here 11 Data Analysis chapter

2. Managing Your Data Researchers can organize data in the following ways: By type (journal articles, books, data) By time frame (current to past) By topic By research question In Word documents and spreadsheets

3. Descriptive Statistics Descriptive statistics describe the following for a set of data: Frequencies Percentages Central tendencies

4. Data Analysis A frequency table organizes data in two columns. Score or responseTotal for score or response 15 219 340 421

5. Histogram Two axes Horizontal = score or response Vertical = frequency or total for response Uses columns to display data

6. Frequency Polygon Two axes Horizontal = score or response Vertical = frequency or total for response Uses points to display data

7. Central Tendencies Mean: The average Median: The point where 50 percent of the scores fall above and 50 percent fall below Mode: The most frequent score in the data

8. Calculating the Mean Add the scores and divide by the total number of scores. 6 5 4 3 2 Example: 28/7 = 4

9. Locating the Median For data sets with an odd number of scores, the median is a score in the data set. For data sets with an even number of scores, the median is a point between two scores in the data set.

10. Locating the Mode Look at the frequency table and identify the score or response with the highest frequency. The mode could be one, two, or more scores or responses.

11. Range The range is used to describe the spread of the scores or the dispersion of the scores. To calculate the range, take the highest score and subtract the lowest score.

12. Standard Deviation The standard deviation describes how dispersed the scores are around the mean using the normal curve. This is a number that indicates the size of the intervals on the normal curve. The higher the standard deviation, the flatter the curve; the smaller the standard deviation, the higher the curve (see the information about the normal curve on page 154 of the textbook).

13. Pearson Product-Moment Coefficient This is one way to calculate the correlation or the strength of the relationship between two variables. The results of this calculation will fall between +1.0 and –1.0. The spreadsheet calculations provide the results of this calculation.

14. Qualitative Data Analysis Enumeration: Number of times something was said Chronologies: Time lines Different types of displays: Tables, flowcharts Coding: By topic or theme