1. National Latin Exam Quick Lessons

2. Verbs Conjugations 1-IV (-āre, -ēre, ere, īre)
Four tenses of indicative mood, active voice: present, imperfect, future (I & II), perfect
Present active imperative singular and plural; negative imperative with nōlī, nōlīte

3. Perfect Tense You know that third principal part…
Amo, Amāre, Amavī, Amatum
Dēleo, dēlēre, dēlēvī, dēlētum
Capiō, Capere, Cēpī, captum
Audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum
Refers to completed events
She read the book.
I went to the store.

4. How to form… You find the perfect stem Amavī = Amav Dēlēvī = Dēlēv
Cēpī = Cēp
Audīvī= Audīv
Add endings
Singular
Plural -ī
imus
istī
istis it
erunt

5. How to form… The ‘F’ is what is unique The ‘u’ is what is unique
Singular
Plural
Fuī
Fuimus
Fuistī
Fuistis
Fuit
Fuērunt
Singular
Plural
Potuī
Potuimus
Potuistī
Potuistis
Potuit
Potuērunt

6. Imperatives Review 1st Conjugation 2nd Conjugation
Present stem + ā= + Singular
Present stem + āte = + Plural
Nōlī + infinitive = – Singular
Nōlīte + infinitive = – Plural
2nd Conjugation
Present stem + ē= + Singular
Present stem + ēte= + Plural

7. Imperative Review cont.
3rd Conjugation
Present stem + e= + Singular
Present stem + ite= + Plural
Nōlī + infinitive = – Singular
Nōlīte + infinitive = – Plural

8. Present infinitive: esse
Imperfect
Future
Pefect
1st Person Sing.
sum
eram
erō
fuī
2nd Person Sing. es
erās
eris
fuistī
3rd Person Sing.
est
erat
erit
fuit
1st Person Pl.
sumus
erāmus
erimus
fuimus
2nd Person Pl.
estis
erātis
eritis
fuerātis
3rd Person Pl.
sunt
erant
erunt
fuērunt

9. Cheater… Present Imperfect Future Perfect
You just have to memorize these
This is the only whose first letter changes as it is conjugated
Eram
Erās
Erat
Imperfect has an ‘a’
Erō
Eris
Erit
Future has an ‘i'
Fuī
Fuistī
Fuit
Perfect begins with ‘fu’

10. Present stem: posse Present Imperfect Future Pefect 1st Person Sing.
possum
poteram
poterō
potuī
2nd Person Sing.
potes
poterās
poteris
potuistī
3rd Person Sing.
potest
poterat
poterit
potuit
1st Person Pl.
possumus
poterāmus
poterimus
potuimus
2nd Person Pl.
potestis
poterātis
poteritis
potuistis
3rd Person Pl.
possunt
poterant
poterunt
potuērunt

11. Cheater… Present Imperfect Future Perfect
If declined sum begins in an..
E add pot
S add pos
Possum
Potes
potest
Add pot to eram
Poteram
Poteras
Poterat
Add pot to erō
Potero
Poteris
Poterit
Subtract f and add pot
Potui
Potuisti
Potuit

12. Nouns Declensions I-III Nominative: Subject, Predicate Nominative
Genitive: Possession
Dative: Indirect object
Accusative: Direct object, Object of prepositions
Ablative : Object of prepositions, Ablative of Accompaniment, means/ instrument, manner
Vocative: Direct Address

13. Objects of Prepositions that you don’t know
Accusative
Ablative
Post- after
Circum -around
Inter- among
Trāns- Across
Contrā- Against
Sine- Without
Sub – Under

14. Object of Prepositions that you know
Accusative
Ablative
Ad- towards
Ante- before
In- into
Per- through
Prope- near
Ab- from
Cum- with
Dē- of, about
Ex- out of
In- in, on
Prō- on behalf of, before

15. Ablative of Accompaniment
Used to show the people with whom something is done.
Preposition: cum
Cum amīcīs ambulābat.
He was walking with his friends.

16. Ablatives Ablative of means/ instrument Ablative of manner
Think of Clue… Mrs. Peacock was killed in the library with the rope
Ablative of manner
How something is does
She took the test with enthusiasm.

17. Declining Names They decline just like the declension they are in.
Julia, juliae, f.
Julia, Juliae, Juliae, Juliam, Julia, Juliae, Juliarum, Juliis,Julias, Juliis
Vocative: Singular- Julia, Plural- Juliae
Marcus, Marcī, m.
Marcus, Marcī, Marcō, Marcum, Marcō, Marcī, Marcorum, Marcīs, Marcos, Marcīs
Vocative: Singular- Marce, Marci
Cicerō, Cicerōnīs, m.
Cicerō, Cicerōnīs, Cicerōnī, Cicerōnem, Cicerōne, Cicerōnēs, Cicerōnum, Cicerōnibus, Cicerōnes, Cicerōnibus
Vocantive: Singular- Cicerō, Cicerōnēs

18. Irregular Vocatives Nouns ending in –us change to e
Nouns ending in –ius change to ī
Meus changes to Mī

19. Pronouns Personal- ego, tu, nos, vos Interrogative
Quis – Who? (Masculine and Feminine, Nominative, Singular)
Quid- What? (Neuter, Nominative or Accusative, Singular)
Interrogative Adjective
Quot?- How many?

20. Numbers Decline like adjectives Four common ones in Latin
Unus, -a, -um (one) Followes 1st and 2nd declension adj- No plural forms (obvi!)
Duo, duae, dou (two) odd duck
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
duo
duae
Genitive
duōrum
duārum
Dative
duōbus
duābus
Accusative
duōs
duās
Ablative

21. Numbers Trēs, tria (three) is a third declension adjective.
Quattuor (four)
Quīnque (five)
Sex (six)
Septem (seven)
Octō (eight)
Novem (nine)
Decem (ten)
No word for zero

22. Numbers
Centum
Mille (thousand) funky. In the singular it is an indeclinable adjective. In the plural, however, it is a third declension i- stem neuter noun: milia, milium, milibus, milia, milibus

23. Roman Numerals I 1 XX 20 CC 200 II 2 XXX 30 CCC 300 III 3 XL 40 CD 400IV 4 L 50 D
500 V 5 LX 60 DC
600 VI 6
LXX 70
DCC
700
VII 7
LXXX 80
DCCC
800
VIII 8 XC 90 CM
900 IX 9 C
100 M
1,000 X 10

24. Break it down I 1 V 5 X 10 L 50 C
100 D
500 M
1,000

25. Adverbs that you don’t know.
Crās – Tomorrow
Herī- Yesterday
Subitō- Suddenly
Tum- Then
Ubi- Where (also a conj to mean where…)
Male- Badly

26. Adverbs you do know Mox- soon Ibi- there Numquam- never Saepe- often
Statim- at once
Tum- Then
Bene- well

27. Interrogative Adverbs
Cur? – Why?
Ubi? – Where?
Quomodo?- How?

28. Adjectives Only need to know 1st and 2nd declension adjectives
Yay!
Noun/ adjective agreement

29. Conjunctions You don’t know You do know Aut – or Neque- nor
Neque… neque- neither nor
Ubi- Where
Et – and
Quod- because
Sed- but
Et…et
And… and
Joins two things without making an inference
Enclitics
-ne = yes or no question
-que- and
Pairs, opposites, or two things that complete a set

30. Naming The praenōmen, similar to our first or given name
The nōmen, similar to our last name. This was the clan name.
The cognōmen, which indicated a particular family within the larger clan.
Marcus Tullius Cicero
Daughter: Tullia
Son: Marcus Tullius Cicero

31. Roman Family
Pater
Mater
Fīlius
Fīlia
Frāter
Soror

32. Kings of Rome/ Early Heroes
Fabricius- Negotiated peace deal and exchange of hostages with Pyrrhus, King of Epirus. He was incorruptible and had great austerity.
Mucius Scaevola- left handed man from Chapter 192
Cloelia- run away girl from Chapter 12 test
Tarquinius- Last (7th) king of Rome. King until revolt that lead to founding of the Republic
Horatius- Hero who fought of the entire Etruscan + Tarquinius army on a bridge.
Cincinnatus- Gave up farm to save Rome and be a military dictator and then went back to his farm

33. Important Dates April 21, 745 BC – Founding of Rome
January 10, 49 BC- Caesar crosses the Rubicon
March 15, 44 BC- Assassination of Caesar

35. Countires/ Cities (Map in book)
Britannia
Gallia
Hispānia
Germānia
Graecia
Sicilia
Alpēs Montēs
Āppennīnus Mōns
Africa, Carthāgō
Aegyptus, Alexandrēa
Neāpolis
Rōma

36. Augustus Domitian Caracalla Tiberius Nerva Geta Caligula Trajan
Macrinus
Cladius
Hadrian
Diadumenianus
Nero
Antonius Pius
Craziness!!
Galba
Marcus Aurelius
306- Maxentius
Otho
L. Verus
Constantine
Vitellius
Commodus
Vespasian
Pertinax
Titus
Septimius Severus
Augustus
Tiberius
Caligula
Cladius
Nero
Galba
Otho
Vitellius
Vespasian
Titus
Domitian

37. Things to go over tonight…
Weather (Pg. 202)
Quota hora (pg. 230)
Mottoes: States, Government (Pg. 162)
Mottoes: War and Peace (Pg. 217)
Expressions: Legal terms ( Pg. 272)
Abbreviations: A.M., P.M., A.D. (Pg. 310, 388)
Arena (Pg. 325)
Pompeii (Pg. 267)