1. Chapter 8 Growth and Development

2. Growth Physical changes in body –Height –Weight –Motor sensory adaptation –Development of sex organs

3. Development Increase in mental, emotional, and social capabilities –Intellectual (cognitive) ability –Variety in expression of emotions –Ability to cope with complex situations –Social and interpersonal skills

4. Key Terms Physical –Growth of body Psychosocial –Psychological and social development Cognitive –Intellectual processes

5. Key Concepts Human needs vary throughout lifespan Generalizations helpful –But not absolute Consider each patient unique

6. Question If a patient is anxious, which concept of growth and development is being demonstrated? A.Physical B.Psychosocial C.Cognitive

7. Answer B. Psychosocial Psychosocial includes both psychological and social –Psychological Emotions –E.g., love, hate, fear, anxiety

8. Answer B. Psychosocial Physical –Growth of body Cognitive –Intellectual processes

9. Life Stages Time frames for studying growth and development Start at conception and end with death Certain changes and needs characterize each stage

10. Life Stages 1950: Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development –Do not include physical aspects –Conflicts encountered in each stage –Resolving these conflicts advances person to next stage

11. Life Stages Psychosocial development can be delayed if conflict not resolved Process continuous over lifespan Stress can cause regression to earlier stage Baby boomers

12. Prenatal Conception to birth Zygote Embryo stage Fetus Rapid physical growth No psychosocial stage

13. Infancy Birth to 1 year Neonate Infant Physical growth Cognitive skills Trust versus mistrust

14. Toddler 1 to 3 years Physical changes Motor sensory ability Cognitive skills Autonomy versus shame and doubt

15. Preschooler 3 to 6 years Physical changes Motor sensory ability Cognitive skills Initiative versus guilt

16. School-Age Child 6 to 12 years Physical changes Motor sensory ability Cognitive skills Industry versus inferiority

17. Adolescence 12 to 20 years Physical changes Motor sensory ability Cognitive skills Identity versus role confusion

18. Question Which of the following stages does a toddler fall within according to Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development? A.Autonomy versus shame or doubt B.Trust versus mistrust C.Initiative versus guilt

19. Answer A. Autonomy versus shame or doubt Toddler –Autonomy versus shame or doubt Infancy –Trust versus mistrust Preschooler –Initiative versus guilt

20. Young Adulthood 20s and 30s Physical changes Motor sensory ability Cognitive skills Intimacy versus isolation

21. Middle Adulthood 40 to 65 years Physical changes Motor sensory ability Cognitive skills Generativity versus stagnation Chronic illness more likely to appear

22. Later Adulthood Young-old –65 to 74 years Middle-old –75 to 84 years Old-old (frail elderly) –85 years to death

23. Later Adulthood Physical changes Motor sensory ability Cognitive skills Ego integrity versus despair

24. Care Considerations Do not assume Do not stereotype Each stage has different care needs All need respect, compassion, and empathy

25. Question Which of the following age groups would include the care consideration of giving explanations along with the rationale? A.Toddler B.Preschooler C.Adolescent

26. Answer C. Adolescent Adolescent would benefit most by giving rationales –Toddler and preschooler not as cognitively developed

27. Other Theories Piaget’s Cognitive Stages Kohlberg’s Moral Stages Gilligan’s Stages of the Ethic of Care

28. Piaget’s Cognitive Stages Focus on children only Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational

29. Kohlberg’s Moral Stages Focus on moral development of humans Pre-conventional Conventional Postconventional

30. Gilligan’s Stages of the Ethic of Care Included females in her study Preconventional Conventional Postconventional

31. Question Which of the theorists focused on moral development in males? A. Kohlberg B. Gilligan C. Piaget

32. Answer A. Kohlberg’s theory focused on moral development in males. Gilligan – ethics of care focused on development in females Piaget – focus on children’s cognition

33. Future Trends Change in viewing and caring for later adulthood patients Older people healthier, more active, and more verbal

34. William H. Thomas Does not assign specific ages Cyclic nature of aging –Infant –Adolescent –Adult –Senescence –Elderhood

35. Question True or False: –Dr. William Thomas breaks the life span into five groupings with a specific assigned age range for each.

36. Answer False Dr. William Thomas has five groupings –But does not assign specific age ranges

37. Death and Dying Terminal illness Natural process –Last stage of human development Elisabeth Kübler-Ross Need for open communications Life review

38. Stages of Dying Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance

39. Question True or False: –Moving away from the family home to go to school can result in a process similar to the death and dying stages identified by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross.

40. Answer True When there is a perceived loss, the suffering and grieving process can be initiated