1. Important diseases and their global impact Objectives To be able to describe the causes and means of transmission of malaria, AIDS/HIV and T.B To be able to discuss the global impact of these diseases

2. The Global Impact of Disease The World Health Organisation states that good health is a human right. As well as causing a lot of suffering, poor health has economic effects as medical services need to be provided and there is loss of productivity due to people being unable to work.

3. Malaria http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/science/health-human-body-sci/health/malaria-sci.html

4. Global Distribution of malaria Malaria occurs in over 100 countries and more than 40% of the people in the world are at risk. Over 2 million people die from malaria every year.

5. What is Malaria? Cause: –Caused by a parasite - Plasmodium falciparum is most serious. P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae are others. –Spread by a vector (female Anopheles mosquito). Symptoms: –flu-like illness, diarrhoea, vomiting, joint pains, fever. –Symptoms begin from a week up to a year after infection. –If untreated can lead to complications and death Treatment: –prescription drugs - treatment dependent on type of malaria, age of patient, and severity of illness. –Prevention – anti malarial drugs, avoid being bitten.

7. HIV/AIDS http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/science/health-human-body-sci/health/kenya-aids-sci.html http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/HIV/Pages/Introduction.aspx?url=Pages/What-is-it.aspx

8. Global Distribution of AIDS

9. Global distribution of persons living with HIV/AIDS 2005 (millions) Total: 38.6 million Source: Report on the global AIDS epidemic (2006) UNAIDS

10. What is HIV/AIDS? Cause: –Human immunodeficiency virus (retrovirus) infects T helper cells in immune system and destroys them –Spread by contact of bodily fluids – semen and blood Symptoms: –Initial symptoms similar to cold or glandular fever. –No symptoms for many years (about 10 yrs). –When number of T helper cells falls very low = AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) –Opportunistic infections – thrush, TB, pneumonia, hepatitis, cancers (Kaposi’s sarcoma) Treatment: –No cure or vaccine. –HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) – combination of medicines to interrupt reproductive cycle of the virus

11. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS) HIV is a retrovirus - it enters living cells and uses the host’s cell replication machinery to reproduce HIV starts to fuse with the target cell Membranes fuse and the nucleocapsid is released into the cell

12. Tuberculosis http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7758736.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7659338.stm

13. The world Prevalence of TB

14. What is Tuberculosis? Cause: –Bacteria – Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis –Spread by droplet infection – coughs, sneezes –Up to 30% of world’s population have TB – inactive in many people. Symptoms: –Usually affects lungs –fever, fatigue, loss of appetite and weight, night sweats and persistent cough. Treatment: –antituberculous drugs (combination of antibiotics) in combination, for at least six months.

15. Task You need to produce an NHS information sheet/leaflet for the public to inform them about the risks of each of these three diseases.

16. For each disease you must consider: Causative agent: Risk factors: Incidence: No. of new cases in a population per year Prevalence :No. with the disease at a given time Mortality: No. who die from the disease per year Morbidity :No. with the disease as a proportion of the population At risk groups/countries: Mechanism of spread: