2. Parasitic forms of helminthes, popularly known as parasitic worms, are the endoparasites of the gut & blood in the human body & cause diseases, collectively called ‘HELMINTHIASIS’. Parasitic forms of helminthes, popularly known as parasitic worms, are the endoparasites of the gut & blood in the human body & cause diseases, collectively called ‘HELMINTHIASIS’. Forms of helminthiasis : Forms of helminthiasis : NEMATODIASIS~ Ascariasis, Ancylostomiasis, Enterobiasis, Trichuriasis, Strongyloidosis, Filariasis. NEMATODIASIS~ Ascariasis, Ancylostomiasis, Enterobiasis, Trichuriasis, Strongyloidosis, Filariasis. TREMATODIASIS~ Schistosomiasis. TREMATODIASIS~ Schistosomiasis. CESTODIASIS~ Taeniasis, Hydatid disease. CESTODIASIS~ Taeniasis, Hydatid disease.

3. Ascaris lumbricoides egg Ascaris lumbricoides is a parasitic nematode (roundworm). A. lumbricoides invades the gastrointestinal tract after consumption of its eggs in contaminated food or drink or from fomites. A. lumbricoides migrates from the intestines to the lungs via the bloodstream. It is then swallowed and returned to the small intestine, where it reproduces. A high parasite load can cause nutritional deficiencies, especially in those consuming marginal diets. Diagnosis is most often made by detection of the eggs in a fecal specimen. However, whole specimens may be obtained from the mouth or nares after the worms have migrated to these sites. Whole specimens have also been obtained surgically from the intestines. Piperazine and Pyrantel are often used for treatment of A. lumbricoides infestations.

4. Enterobius vermicularis egg Enterobius vermicularis, the pinworm, is a common infestation of children. The worm is spread by consumption of the egg that contaminates food and fomites. The worm reproduces in the intestinal tract, with adult female laying her eggs on the anus. Egg laying occurs while the host sleeps, often during the very early morning hours. The larvae may hatch there and migrate into the colon, increasing the parasite load. However, the presence of the female and her eggs usually makes the anus itch. This may disrupt the sleep, but often results in the transfer of eggs from the anus to the fingertips as scratching occurs. The contaminated fingertips serve as the route for reinfestation and contamination of more food or fomites. Piperazine and Pyrantel are often used for treatment of pinworm infestations.

5. Trichuris trichiuria egg Trichuris trichiuria egg Trichuris trichiuria, the whipworm, causes infestation after consumption of eggs contaminating foodstuffs. It reproduces in the intestinal tract and the eggs are found in the feces. Heavy parasite loads may result in dysentery in the host. Trichuris trichiuria, the whipworm, causes infestation after consumption of eggs contaminating foodstuffs. It reproduces in the intestinal tract and the eggs are found in the feces. Heavy parasite loads may result in dysentery in the host. Treatment of Trichuris trichiuria infestation often employs Pyrantel and Mebendazole. Treatment of Trichuris trichiuria infestation often employs Pyrantel and Mebendazole.

6. Fasciola hepatica female Fasciola hepatica egg Fasciola hepatica, the liver fluke, has a complex life cycle, requiring water snails as intermediate hosts. Humans and other mammals acquire the organism by eating cyst-contaminated water plants. Watercress is a common source of the parasite for humans. The cysts release immature flukes that migrate to the liver and gallbladder. A high load of the parasite may obstruct the biliary tract. Praziquantel may be used to treat this infestation.

7. As with T. saginata this parasite has a cosmopolitan distribution, with estimates of approximately 50 million cases of infection world-wide annually. However the incidence of infection may vary considerably, and may be influenced by a number of factors such as religious inhibitions on eating pork, as in many Islamic countries, or in other countries by high degrees of sanitation, limiting exposure of the intermediate hosts to human faeces.

8. Strongyloides stercoralis is the scientific name of a human parasitic roundworm causing the disease strongyloidiasis.scientific namehumanparasiticroundwormstrongyloidiasis Strongyloides stercoralis is a nematode, 2.5 mm-long, that is a parasite of humans. The adult parasitic stage lives in tunnels in the mucosa of the small intestine. First stage larva (L1) of S. stercoralis

9. The hookworm is a parasitic nematode worm that lives in the small intestine of its host, which may be a mammal such as a dog, cat, or human. Two species of hookworms commonly infect humans, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus.parasiticnematodesmall intestinemammaldogcathumanspecies

10. W. bancrofti carry out their life cycle in two hosts. Human beings serve as the definitive host and mosquitoes as their intermediate hosts. The adult parasites reside in the lymphatics. They are viviparous. The first stage larvae are known as microfilaria.life cyclehostsHuman beingsdefinitive hostmosquitoesintermediate hostsadultlymphaticsviviparous

11. Schistosoma mansoni is a significant parasite of humans, one of the major agents of schistosomiasis. Of the trematodes, schistosomes are atypical in that the adult stages have two sexes (dioecious) and are located in blood vessels of the definitive host. Most other trematodes are hermaphroditic and are found in the intestinal tract or in organs, such as the liver. The lifecycle of schistosomes includes two hosts: a definitive host (i.e., man) where the parasite undergoes sexual reproduction, and a single intermediate snail host where there are a number of asexual reproductive stages parasiteschistosomiasistrematodeshermaphroditic

12. The causative agent of Hydatid disease in man and many other mammals. The dog acts as the definitive host for this species. A number of sub-species of this parasite have also been described, the most universally accepted being E. g. granulosus (thought to be the original species found in Europe, although now more widespread) and E. g. canadensis ( the indigenous species of the Arctic region of North America, for more details see below). In addition there is considerable strain variation within this parasite, with differing preferences for intermediate hosts. For example in Ireland a strain exists whose larvae only infect the horse, man being resistant to infection.