1. Egyptian tomb painting

3. Duccio di Buoninsegna Sienese, c. 1255 - 1318 The Calling of the Apostles Peter and Andrew, 1308/1311 tempera on panel

4. Andrea Mantegna The Adoration of the Shepherds, shortly after 1450

5. Raphael, Central Italian, 1483 - 1520 The Alba Madonna, ( 1510) oil on panel transferred to canvas

6. Titian Bacchus and Ariadne 1523-24 Oil on canvas

7. Claude Le Lorrain 1602-1682

8. Van Dyck Charles I

9. Rembrandt ((Dutch, 1606–1669) Bathsheba

10. Francois Boucher - 1703-1770

11. Eugène Delacroix (French, 1798–1863) Basket of Flowers, 1848–49

13. Manet

16. Paul Signac

17. John William Waterhouse - Echo and Narcissuss

18. Lord Frederick Leighton - Flaming June

19. William Holman Hunt - 1852 - On English Coasts

20. On English Coasts William Holman Hunt - color-shifted

21. Arthur Hughes April Love -1856

22. Perkins Purple Mauveine was discovered serendipitously in 1856 by 18-year old William Henry Perkin, who was trying to synthesize the anti-malaria drug quinine as a challenge from his professor, August Wilhelm von Hofmann. In one of his attempts, Perkin oxidized aniline using potassium dichromate. Under these conditions, the aniline reacted with toluidine impurities in it to produce a black solid, a fairly common result in "failed" organic syntheses. While trying to clean out his flask, Perkin discovered that some component of the black solid dissolved in alcohol to give a purple- colored solution, which proved to be an effective dye for silk and other textiles. Wikipedia’s story And this was the beginning of the chemical industry ….

23. Related hydrocarbon rings from petroleum Related rings in dyes (in pigments)

24. The reactions that actually happened:

25. While trying to clean out his flask, Perkin discovered that some component of the black solid dissolved in alcohol to give a purple- colored solution, which proved to be an effective dye for silk and other textiles. (Wikipedi) (Ball) *the fact that he even tried dyeing as a characterization of his new stuff says something about the mindset in the mid 1800's: dyeing was a lucrative end-product of chemistry. The textile industry—especially cotton manufacture—was the most significant single sector of the Industrial Revolution" (in England) Silks predominated in France. Dyeing was a part of this industry as much—or more as spinning. Textile companies in 19 th century began employing ‘chemists’, who were found from the painters' guilds.

26. Figure 9.1 Coal-tar and related organic colors proliferated with dizzying variety by the early 20 th centruy

27. Eye cornea stained with Rose Bengal Liver cells stained with Congo Red Nematode (parasite) stained with Congo Red The same chemical interactions that bind a dye to a fiber will bind a dye to the material of cells.

29. The Color Industry was the start of Chemistry!!!!!!!!!!! For example, Bayer developed synthesis of aspirin from benzene  phenol -> aspirin Dye manufacture and development created the German companies BASF, Bayer and Hoechst, and Swiss Ciba-Giegy, and eventually the British ICI. These have evolved into the BIG Pharmaceutical companies.

30. Perkin Transactions of the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK Major journal reporting research in Organic Chemistry

31. Do you know these names? Arthur D. Little Camille and Henry Dreyfus Another example where the fiber industry created wealth and power. Their business was cellulose acetate…. a fiber.