1. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 11.1 Natural Climate Change “__________” describes the __________conditions of a region.  Climate is usually measured over a minimum of __________years or more.  Climate = clouds, __________, average __________, __________, atmospheric __________, solar __________, and __________.  The size of the region can range from an __________to the entire __________. See pages 464 - 465 BC’s climate zones Climate and geography combine to allow specific organisms to grow.  __________zones have distinct plants, soil, geography, and climate.  British Columbia has __________distinct biogeoclimatic zones.

2. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Looking Forward by Studying the Past ____________________study long-term patterns in various regions.  __________may show what kind of environment was present.  __________ __________show evidence of growing seasons.  __________sediments can reveal types of rainfall.  __________ __________cores show air condition and composition for thousands of years. Gases trapped in the ice, specifically __________, reveal long-term ____________________levels.  Fossils and sediment evidence show Earth’s __________has __________ changed often in the past.  __________years ago, much of __________and northern __________was under glaciers. See pages 466 - 467

3. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Looking Forward by Studying the Past (continued) __________ data reveal __________levels for the past __________years.  Scientists have also tested the atmospheric air for CO 2 for the past 50 years See pages 466 - 467

4. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Factors That Influence Climate: Composition of Earth’s Atmosphere Earth is a __________system.  A __________is a group of parts that all function together as a whole.  Very __________energy (except radiant energy) __________or __________the system.  Earth’s atmosphere is the __________boundary. A __________is a closed system that __________thermal energy.  The Earth’s “__________ __________ __________” allows a narrow range of temperatures.  Solar radiation comes in, is __________, and is then __________ trapped before being able to escape.  Greenhouse __________in the atmosphere __________ thermal energy.  This keeps Earth an average of __________ warmer than it would be otherwise.  __________greenhouse gases could make it too warm. See page 468

5. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Factors That Influence Climate: Earth’s Tilt, Rotation and Orbit Earth’s __________is responsible for __________in northern hemisphere.  In __________, we are tilted __________the Sun, __________the angle of incidence.  In __________when we are tilted __________from the Sun, solar radiation has a large angle of incidence.  Earth’s __________varies between 22.3º and 24.5º (currently 23.5º) in __________year cycles.  When tilt is __________, climate should experience the largest __________. Earth also “__________” as it rotates on its axis.  Because the axis changes on a __________year cycle, the angle of incidence of solar radiation also changes. Earth’s __________around the Sun is __________, not __________.  On a __________year cycle, Earth’s elliptical orbit becomes more circular.  When the orbit is most elliptical, Earth is farther away from the Sun. See pages 468 - 470

6. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Factors That Influence Climate: The Water Cycle The __________cycle describe the __________of water on, above, and below Earth’s surface.  70 percent of all greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is _________ __________.  When temperature __________, more water __________.  More water vapour in the atmosphere may have two effects.  More solar energy may be __________by this greenhouse gas.  More solar energy may be ________back out to space and never reach Earth. See page 471 The water cycle stores and transfers large amounts of thermal energy.

7. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Factors That Influence Climate: Ocean Currents __________currents in the oceans move large amounts of __________energy all around Earth.  Deep ocean currents (200 m and deeper) flow based on __________differences.  They behave like massive convection currents, with __________water __________in the tropics and __________water from the __________latitudes replacing it. See pages 471 - 473 Deep-ocean currents move cold, salty water below the surface and warm, less-salty water near the surface.

8. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Factors That Influence Climate: Ocean Currents (continued) __________of water also changes __________.  Cold water (found at the poles) is __________dense than warm water.  Salty water (found at the poles) is __________dense than fresh water.  Large changes in ocean water density can __________current direction. Surface currents (0 - 200 m) are warmed by from solar radiation.  The __________is the region separating surface and deep ocean currents.  Upwelling occurs when cold, deep water rises into surface currents.  La Niña is an example of __________. When this occurs, cool water at the surface of the __________Ocean causes __________winters in southeastern North America, and __________winters in the northwest.  El Niño is the __________: warmer water on the surface of the Pacific Ocean results in warm winters in the Pacific Northwest and in eastern Canada. See pages 471 - 473

9. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Factors That Influence Climate: The Carbon Cycle __________ __________is a very important greenhouse gas.  Even though each molecule absorbs only a small amount of thermal energy, there are ________CO 2 molecules than any greenhouse gas other than H 2 O.  Without CO 2 to trap __________radiation from Earth’s surface, the average temperature of Earth would be __________ __________.  The __________ __________maintains a balance of CO 2 in the atmosphere.  Deep oceans are __________ __________, as are forested areas. CO 2 in the ocean is converted to __________ (CO 3 2- ), in shells. Phytoplankton use CO 2 for __________at the ocean’s surface.  __________of rocks releases carbon. Carbonic acid is formed when water reacts with CO 2 in the atmosphere.  Forests __________CO 2 while growing but __________CO 2 when burned or when decaying. See pages 473 - 474

10. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Factors That Influence Climate: The Movement of Tectonic Plates, and Catastrophic Events Large=scale disasters can quickly change atmospheric conditions.  Erupting ________can release ash and molten rock that ________radiation.  __________and __________ (changed into sulfuric acid) can reflect solar radiation back into space.  __________and __________are thought to have caused dramatic changes.  These large masses strike Earth and the result is large quantities of __________, __________and __________in the atmosphere.  Solar __________is affected so much that it is thought that these events are responsible for some of Earth’s largest __________events. See pages 475 Take the Section 11.1 Quiz Large comet and meteor collisions with Earth can cause debris to block solar radiation and change all over the Earth.

11. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 11.2 Human Activity and Climate Change __________ __________is the change in long-term weather patterns in certain regions.  These changes can affect the _________of thermal energy over the entire Earth.  __________ice ages have occurred in the past million years.  __________ __________refers to a global increase in average temperature.  Both the causes and effects of global warming are __________and __________. See pages 482 - 483

12. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect The __________ __________effect __________thermal energy absorbed.  More greenhouse gases in the atmosphere = increase of natural greenhouse effect  Greenhouse gases include water vapour, CO 2, methane, nitrous oxide, and CFCs.  Global warming potential (GWP) refers to the ability to trap thermal energy. CO 2 is given a GWP of 1; CFCs are 4750-5310. See page 484

13. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect: Carbon Dioxide and Methane CO 2 levels have __________greatly in the past 200 years.  Since the __________ __________, humans have greatly increased their overall use of __________ __________, which release CO 2 when burned.  __________has changed carbon sinks, such as forests, into carbon sources.  Many people are attempting to __________CO 2 emissions by using __________energy sources or by reducing their energy use.  __________ __________, such as wind farms, can be purchased to offset CO 2 emissions. __________is very efficient at trapping thermal energy.  25X more efficient than CO 2  __________is produced by __________breaking down wastes in oxygen-free environments, animals digesting plant matter, rice paddies (and other natural wetlands), and the burning of fossil fuels. See page 485 Livestock produce 18 percent of the total methane in the atmosphere.

14. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect: Nitrous Oxide, Ozone, and Halocarbons __________ __________, N 2 O, is the third largest contributor to the __________greenhouse effect.  Even though there are only small amounts, it has 300X more GWP than CO 2.  N 2 O comes from bacteria, fertilizers, and improper disposal of human and animal waste. _________is an important _____radiation blocker in the stratosphere.  At __________altitudes, however, it is a very powerful greenhouse gas.  This ozone comes from solar radiation reacting with pollution from the burning of fossil fuels, and is released from photocopiers and certain air conditioners. __________, used as refrigerants, are strong greenhouse gases.  __________(CFCs) are the best-known halocarbons.  Halocarbons are also the main reason for ozone layer __________. See page 486

15. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Albedo and Climate, Making Predictions About Climate Change The __________at Earth’s surface affects the amount of __________radiation that region receives.  Changes in a region’s albedo - for example, __________ __________melting earlier in the season than it did previously - Could result in climate change.  Forests have a __________albedo. Deforestation __________albedo.  Forests also emit large amounts of __________ __________, which reflects solar radiation back into space.  Deforestation’s effects on climate change are unknown. See page 487 Albedo for different surfaces

16. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 The Role of Science in Understanding Climate Change Scientists use __________to model what Earth’s climate might be like.  Although models differ, most indicate that a __________in the production of greenhouse gases is __________to stop the __________global warming trend. Global warming models use _____from multiple locations over long periods of time.  General __________models (GCMs) are computer models used to study climate.  GCMs take into account changes in __________ gases, __________, ocean __________, winds and surface __________.  GCMs are also used for weather __________, climate __________, and climate change __________.  Scientists are always trying to improve GCMs.  GCMs predict the future and reveal the past. See page 488 Projected global temperatures.

17. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 The Role of International Cooperation in Climate Change It is believed ____________________climate change is a __________occurrence.  The United Nations and the World __________Organization created the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (__________) to address global concerns about climate change and global warming.  The IPCC, formed in __________, has members from 130 countries.  The IPCC examines __________ climate change, highlights the causes, and suggests solutions.  The __________ __________Framework Convention on Climate Change created a __________treaty to encourage governments to __________greenhouse gas emissions. Per capita emissions of greenhouse gases for various countries. See page 489

18. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Global Impacts of Climate Change See pages 489 - 490

19. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Impacts of Climate Change on Canada Being in the northern hemisphere, __________could be strongly affected by global warming.  Parts of Canada have had average temperature __________of 0.5ºC to 1.5ºC.  __________and __________parts of the country have been most affected.  The __________regions are losing __________and Arctic Ocean ice cover.  Growing seasons are getting __________and more precipitation is falling. There could be ________spring rains and severe ________in the future. Fisheries could be very __________affected. Pollution concerns could lead to health issues.  Most regions of British Columbia will probably be __________, sea levels will __________, and fresh drinking water may be harder to find as glaciers __________. See pages 490 - 492

20. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Impacts of Climate Change on Canada See pages 490 - 492

21. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Impacts of Climate Change on BC See pages 490 - 492

22. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Uncertainty and Decision, An Action Plan for the Global Community See pages 493 - 496 Although climate change is a _________issue, our actions now are important.  Improving our environmental approach will help, no matter how __________climate change actually is.  __________acting could result in huge problems.  The United Nations suggests the precautionary principle, “______________________________.” Relatively _________changes could have large __________impact on the climate in Canada.  Reduce __________greenhouse gas emissions.  __________use of energy-efficient products.  Improve indoor air quality. Take the Section 11.2 Quiz