1. ACIDS AND BASES Chapter 14

2. Acid/Base Chemistry

3. Acid/Base Chemistry CHARACTERISTICS ACIDSBASES pH less than 7pH greater than 7 Donates H+ ionsAccepts H+ ions Sour tasteBitter taste and slippery feel Electrical conductor Turns litmus indicator blue  redTurns litmus indicator from red  blue Typically has “H” at the beginning of the formula Has “OH” at the end of the formula when bonded to a metal Ex) HCl, HNO 3, and HC 2 H 3 O 2 Ex) NaOH, KOH, and NH 3

4. Acid/Base Chemistry Acids are compounds that, when dissolved in water, separate into positive hydrogen ions (H + ) and negative ions (e.g. HCl separates into H + and Cl - ). Bases are compounds that, when dissolved in water, contribute hydroxide ions (OH - ) to a solution (e.g. NaOH separates into Na + and OH - ). Solutions have H + and OH - due to the presence of water. [H + ] > [OH - ] in acidic solutions and [H + ] [OH - ] in acidic solutions and [H + ] < [OH - ] in basic alkaline solutions

5. Acid/Base Chemistry

6. Binary Acid Nomenclature 1. The name of a binary acid begins with the prefix hydro- 2. The root of the name of the second element follows this prefix. 3. The name ends with the suffix –ic HFHClHBrHI H 2 S

7. Arrhenius, Brønsted- Lowry & Lewis Arrhenius acids: increase the concentration of ___________ in aqueous solution. Arrhenius bases: increase the concentration of ___________ in aqueous solution. Bronsted-Lowry acids: proton donor. Ex) HCl + NH3  NH 4 + + Cl - Ex) HCl + NH3  NH 4 + + Cl - Bronsted-Lowry bases: proton acceptor. Bronsted-Lowry bases: proton acceptor. Lewis acids: accepts electron pairs (page 481) Lewis acids: accepts electron pairs (page 481) Lewis bases: donates electron pairs (page 482) Lewis bases: donates electron pairs (page 482)

8. Conjugate Acids and Bases A chemical species that remains after an acid has given up a proton is the _____________. (483) A chemical species that remains after a base gains a proton is the ____________. (483) The stronger an acid is, the weaker its ____________; the stronger the base is, the weaker its ______________. (484) A chemical species that can react as either an acid or a base is called ______________. (485) _____________ is the reaction of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions to form water and salt. A salt is an _____________ composed of a _______ from a base and ___________ from an acid. (489)

9. Acid/Base Chemistry

10. A strong acid is one that _________ completely in aqueous solution. The strength of an acid depends on the ____________________ between hydrogen and the element to which it is bonded and the ease with which that bond can be broken. (474) A weak acid is an acid that releases __________________ in aqueous solution. (474) Organic acids contain the acidic _________ group and are generally ______ acids. (474)

11. GUESS WHAT…?

12. ?????? YOU’VE COME TO THE END OF YOUR HIGH SCHOOL CHEMISTRY COURSE! CONGRATULATIONS MUSTANGS AND BEST WISHES!