1. Acids and Bases and Chemical Reactions

2. What are some properties of acids? Taste sour (not in the lab though … ) Conduct electricity Turns litmus red All begin with H + pH less than 7

3. What is this litmus stuff? It is a paper coated with a lichen used to indicate acids or bases. If its an acid it will turn red If its a base it will turn blue

4. What are some real life acids? Carbonic and Phosphoric acid- soda Lactic acid- yogurt Citric Acid- orange juice

5. What are some properties of bases? Taste bitter Feel slippery Turn litmus paper blue Conduct electricity pH more than 7

6. What are some real life bases? Bleach Ammonia Soap Antacid

7. What is an important base to just know? Ammonia, NH 3

8. What is an indicator? Something that changes color to tell you if you have an acid or a base.

9. Hydrangeas…a natural indicator Change from pink to blue in different pH soils.

10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I18K2upE HLc

11. What is pH? It is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. Measures the concentration of hydrogen ions

12. What is the pH scale? A way of determining acids or bases numerically.

16. What is the range for a base? pH greater than 7 The farther away it gets from 7 the stronger the base So 14 is a strong base 7.1 is a weake base

17. What is the range for an acid? pH less than 7 Farther away it gets from 7 the stronger the acid so 0 is a strong acid 6.9 is a weak acid

18. What is the pH of a neutral solution? 7

19. What is pOH? The concentration of Hydroxide (OH) Find pOH The negative logarithm of the OH- concentration.

20. What do pH + pOH equal? pH + pOH =14

21. How do you solve for pH? -log [H+]= pH Or pH +pOH=14

22. Example: Find the pH for the following: 0.0125M HCl -log(0.0125) = 1.903 = pH Acid or Base? Its an acid pH is less than 7 The pOH is 7.7 pH + pOH = 14 pH + 7.7 = 14so pH = 6.3 Acid or Base?Its an acid pH is less than 7

23. More Examples The [H+] ion concentration is 3.4x10 -4 Acid or Base? - log (3.4 x 10 -4 ) = 1.2056 (this is the pH) Acid The pOH is 11.54 Acid or Base? pH + pOH = 14 pH + 11.54 = 14so pH = 2.46 Acid

24. The hydrogen ion concentration is 2.5 x 10 -5 M. What is the pH? -log(2.5 x 10 -5 ) = 4.60 pH = 4.60

25. The pOH is 5.7. What is the pH? pH + pOH = 14 14-5.7 = 8.3

26. Is the hydroxide ion concentration of 1 x 10 -4 M an acid, base, or neutral? -log (1 x 10 -4 ) = 4 This is the pOH Must find pH to determine if acid, base, neutral pH + pOH = 14 14-4 = 10pH = 10 So it’s a base

27. -ide Acids (also called binary acids) Contains HYDROGEN and an anion that ends in –ide (from the periodic table) Hydro no O HF H 2 S

28. Naming Rules Write HYDRO Add the ROOT OF THE NAME of the element. Add -IC to the end. Write the word ACID.

29. What are the weird ones? C, P, and S Hydrocarbonic Acid Hydrophosphoric Acid Hydrosulfuric Acid

30. Your Turn HF Hydrofluoric acid Hydronitric acid H 3 N

31. Polyatomic Acids Contains Hydrogen and a Polyatomic Ion. H 2 CO 3 HC 2 H 3 O 2

32. Naming Rules Identify the POLYATOMIC ion present. Change – ate to – IC. Change – ite to – OUS. Write the word ACID.

33. Use your chart on the back of your periodic table!!

34. What are the weird ones? P and S Sulfuric AcidH 2 SO 4 Sulfurous AcidH 2 SO 3 Phosphoric AcidH 3 PO 4 Phosphorous AcidH 3 PO 3

35. Examples HC 2 H 3 O 2 (C 2 H 3 O 2 - ) acetate  ic acetic acid Chloric Acidic  ate Chlorate (ClO 3 - )pair it with H + Swap n drop HClO 3 HClO2(ClO2 - ) Chlorite  ous Chlorous acid

36. A way to remember them maybe? I ate the acid. It was ic. Don’t bite ous. Neither of these has hydro.

37. How are bases named? Just like we have always named compounds. Swap n Drop!! Bases usually have OH - Hydroxide CO 3 -2 Carbonate HCO 3 - Bicarbonate

38. Examples Sodium Hydroxide Na + OH - NaOH Ammonium Hydroxide NH 4 + OH - NH 4 OH Mg(OH)2 Mg +2 OH - Magnesium Hydroxide

39. What happens when you put an acid and a base together? They neutralize

40. What does neutralize mean? It is no longer acidic or basic. Your pH is 7

41. What do they make? An acid and base make a salt and water. They are now neutral

42. What is a salt? An ionic compound that was the result of an acid/base neutralization reaction.

43. What is a hydrogen ion? H + Just a proton

44. It is only a proton because Hydrogen has 1 proton and 1 electron. The + charge means you lost an electron. All that is left is a proton in the nucleus.

45. What is hydroxide? OH -

46. What do they do? Help to determine if something is acidic or basic.

47. What is a neutral solution? One that has equal amounts of H + and OH -

48. How did Arrhenius define an acid? Something that contains H + (will be written first)

49. How did he define a base? Something that contains OH - Written second, its an anion.

50. How would Arrhenius define the following? HCl NaOH Ca(OH) 2 H 2 SO 4 HClO 3 NH 3

51. Oops … What happened? Arrhenius is wrong. Ammonia is a strong base, but according to his theory, it would be neither.

52. What is the next acid/base guy? Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases

53. What did they say? They tried to fix the definition of acids and bases. In a solution, the H + travels to either accept or donate.

54. What is a B-L acid? Something that donates H + ions

55. What is a B-L base? A B-L base is a H + acceptor.

56. How does this make NH 3 a base? It can accept H + so it is now a base. NH 3 is a BASE in water. NH 3 accepts H + to make NH 4 Water is itself an ACID. Water donates H + to make OH -

57. What is a conjugate acid? It is what is produced when a base accepts H +. Conjugates are PRODUCTS!!

58. What is a conjugate base? It is what is produced when an acid donates H + Conjugates are PRODUCTS!!

59. What? Bases make conjugate acids Acids make conjugate bases ****Each pair is made up of the same elements Only difference is a H+

60. Conjugate Pairs They differ in a HYDROGEN ion

61. Examples H 2 O + NH 4 +  NH 3 + H 3 O + HCOOH + CN -  HCOO - + HCN NH 4 + + CO 3 -2  HCO 3 - + NH 3 H 2 PO 4 - + OH -  HPO 4 -2 + H 2 O

62. What is a polyprotic acid? An acid that contains more than one H

63. What kinds are there? Monoprotic 1 H Diprotic 2 H Triprotic 3 H

64. What is an example? H 2 S H 3 PO 4 H 2 SO 4

65. What is special about water?? It can act as either an acid or base

66. What is that called? Amphoteric