1. Quick Questions 1.What is the difference between velocity & speed? 2.What is the definition of acceleration? 3.What is the unit for acceleration? 4.What is the equation and formula triangle to calculate speed? 5.How would you calculate the resultant force acting on the object below? 120N 180N 250N

2. The front crumple zone of a car is tested at a road traffic laboratory. This is done by using a remote control device to drive the car into a strong barrier. Electronic sensors are attached to a dummy inside the car. 1.Draw an arrow in Box 1 to show the direction of the force that the car exerts on the barrier. 2.Draw an arrow in Box 2 to show the direction of the force that the barrier exerts on the car.

3. stationary A constant speed B slowing down C accelerating forwards The diagrams, A, B and C, show the horizontal forces acting on a moving car. Match each diagram to the description of the car ’ s motion at the moment when the forces act.

4. The diagram shows the horizontal forces that act on a moving motorbike. 1. Describe the movement of the motorbike when force A equals force B. (2 mark) 2. What happens to the speed of the motorbike if force B becomes smaller than force A? (1 mark)

5. How do you calculate the acceleration? How do you calculate the distance travelled? (higher tier only) GRADIENT AREA UNDER THE LINE

6. Gradient = height of the triangle base of triangle height base

7. To find the distance travelled on a velocity-time graph you calculate the area under the line Area of rectangle/square = height x base Area of triangle = height x base 2 Higher Tier ONLY

8. A car travelling along a straight road has to stop and wait at red traffic lights. The graph shows how the velocity of the car changes after the traffic lights turn green. 1.Calculate the distance the car travels while accelerating. (3 marks) 2.Calculate the acceleration of the car. (4 marks) Show clearly how you work out your final answer and give the units.

9. Part of a bus route is along a high street. The distance-time graph shows how far the bus travelled along the high street and how long it took. 1. Between which two points was the bus moving with the slowest speed? (1 mark) 2. Between which two was the bus not moving? (1 mark) Time in seconds Foundation Tier

10. 3. The mass of the car is 900kg. The car is accelerating at 12m/s 2 Calculate the force used to accelerate the car. Show clearly how you work out your final answer. (3 marks)

11. The diagram shows a boat pulling a water skier. 1. The arrow represents the force on the water produced by the engine propeller. This force causes the boat to move. Explain why. (2 marks) 2. The boat accelerates at a constant rate in a straight line. This causes the velocity of the water skier to increase from 4.0 m/s to 16.0 m/s in 8.0 seconds. (i) Calculate the acceleration of the water skier and give the unit. (3 marks) (ii) The water skier has a mass of 68 kg. Calculate the resultant force acting on the water skier while accelerating. (2 marks)

12. What makes up a stopping distance? Thinking distance + braking distance = stopping distance

13. A car driver sees a dog on the road ahead and has to make an emergency stop. The graph shows how the speed of the car changes with time after the driver first sees the dog. 1.Which part of the graph represents the “reaction time” or “thinking time” of the driver? (1 mark) 2.What is the thinking time of the driver? (1 mark) 3.Calculate the distance travelled in this thinking time. (HT only) (3 marks) 4.Calculate the acceleration of the car after the brakes are applied. (4 marks)

14. A car driver sees a dog on the road ahead and has to make an emergency stop. The graph shows how the speed of the car changes with time after the driver first sees the dog. 4.Calculate the acceleration of the car after the brakes are applied. (4 marks) 5.Calculate the distance travelled by the car during braking. (4 marks) 6.The mass of the car is 800 kg. Calculate the braking force. (4 marks) Higher Tier ONLY

15. Copy and complete the Venn diagram to show the factors that affect thinking and braking distances Thinking distance Braking distance

16. Copy and complete the Venn diagram to show the factors that affect thinking and braking distances Thinking distance Braking distance speed/ velocity tiredness distractions alcohol drugs tyres brakes weather conditions road conditions

17. distanceenergyforcetime 1. Use words from the box to complete the sentence. The stopping distance is found by adding the distance the car travels during the driver ’ s reaction........................................ and the distance the car travels under the braking......................................... (2 marks) 2. Name three factors, other than weather conditions, which would increase the overall stopping distance of a vehicle. (3 marks)

18. 1.A car is travelling at a speed of 20 m/s when the driver applies the brakes. The car decelerates at a constant rate and stops. The mass of the car and driver is 1600 kg. (i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the car and driver before the brakes are applied. (2 marks) (ii) How much work is done by the braking force to stop the car and driver? (1 mark) (iii) The braking force used to stop the car and driver was 8000 N. Calculate the braking distance of the car. (2 marks) (iv) The braking distance of a car depends on the speed of the car and the braking force applied. State one other factor that affects braking distance. (1 mark) (v) Applying the brakes of the car causes the temperature of the brakes to increase. Explain why. (2 marks)

19. In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. Describe and explain the factors that affect the stopping distance of a vehicle. In your answer you should: describe factors that affect stopping distance explain how each of the factors you have given affects stopping distance. (6 marks)

20. Quick questions 1.What is the extension of a spring and how would you measure it? 2.What happens to an objects motion if the resultant force is zero? 3.What happens to an objects motion if there is a non-zero resultant force? 4.What happens to the force of drag as the speed of an object increases?

21. Top speed/Terminal velocity As you increase speed, drag/air resistance increases More streamlined = less drag/air resistance Less drag/air resistance = higher speed before the resultant force is zero

22. A sky-diver jumps from a plane. The sky-diver is shown in the diagram below. Arrows X and Y show two forces acting on the sky-diver as he falls. 1. Name the forces X and Y. (2 marks) 2. Explain why force X acts in an upward direction. (1 mark) 3. At first forces X and Y are unbalanced. Which of the forces will be bigger? (1 mark) 4. How does this unbalanced force affect the sky-diver? (1 mark)

23. Sky diver The graph shows how the vertical velocity of a parachutist changes from the moment the parachutist jumps from the aircraft until landing on the ground. Using the idea of forces, explain why the parachutist reaches a terminal velocity and why opening the parachute reduces the terminal velocity.

24. Land speed record This car was built to break the world land speed record. 1. The car accelerates from 0 m/s to a velocity of 470 m/s. The car reaches this velocity in 40 seconds. Calculate the acceleration of the car. Give the unit. (4 marks) 2. Describe and explain how the car reaches its top speed. (4 marks)

25. P2 2.6 Stretching and Squashing Tasks: 1.Write the equation that relates force, spring constant and extension. Include the units for each part. 2.Write the formula triangle to be able to rearrange it. 3.Draw a diagram to show how the equipment would be set up to investigate the effect of force on the extension of a spring. 4.Write a quick bullet point method for that experiment (including how to work out the extension). 5.Describe what Hooke’s Law is. 6.Explain what limit of proportionality is. 7.Answer the summary questions

26. Sky diver The graph shows how the vertical velocity of a parachutist changes from the moment the parachutist jumps from the aircraft until landing on the ground. Using the idea of forces, explain why the parachutist reaches a terminal velocity and why opening the parachute reduces the terminal velocity.

27. Quick Questions 1.What are the 2 possible units for energy? 2.What is the difference between weight & mass? 3.What does work done mean? 4.How do you convert kilojoules into joules and vice versa?

28. Work done Work done is the energy transferred by a force to move an object. Units are Joules, J or kilojoules, kJ. Past paper question A chair lift carries two skiers, Greg and Jill, to the top of a ski slope. Greg weighs 700 N and Jill weighs 500 N. 1. Calculate the work done to lift Greg and Jill through a vertical height of 200 m. Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit. (3 marks)

29. The diagram shows a builder using a plank to help load rubble into a skip. The builder uses a force of 220 N to push the wheelbarrow up the plank. Use information from the diagram to calculate the work done to push the wheelbarrow up the plank to the skip. Show clearly how you work out your answer. (2 marks)

30. Kinetic energy E k = ½ x m x v 2 A car is driven along a straight, snow covered, road. The graph shows how the velocity of the car changes from the moment the driver sees a very slow moving queue of traffic ahead. 1a) calculate the distance the car travels while it is slowing down. (3 marks) (b) The car has a mass of 1200 kg. Calculate the kinetic energy of the car when it travels at a speed of 12 m/s. (3 marks)

31. The Boat is a theme park ride. The Boat swings backwards and forwards. The diagrams show the Boat at the top and bottom of its swing. 1. As the Boat swings from its position in A to its position in B, a child on the ride gains 5070 joules of kinetic energy. The child has a mass of 60 kg and is sitting at the centre. Calculate the speed of the child as the Boat passes through B. Show clearly how you work out your final answer. (4 marks)

32. The Boat is a theme park ride. The Boat swings backwards and forwards. The diagrams show the Boat at the top and bottom of its swing. 1. As the Boat swings from its position in A to its position in B, a child on the ride gains 5070 joules of kinetic energy. The child has a mass of 60 kg and is sitting at the centre. Calculate the speed of the child as the Boat passes through B. Show clearly how you work out your final answer. (4 marks) For full marks you need to : 1.Rearrange the equation 2.Substitute in the numbers 3.Do the calculation 4.Add units

33. 1.A car is travelling at a speed of 20 m/s when the driver applies the brakes. The car decelerates at a constant rate and stops. The mass of the car and driver is 1600 kg. (i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the car and driver before the brakes are applied. (2 marks) (ii) How much work is done by the braking force to stop the car and driver? (1 mark) (iii) The braking force used to stop the car and driver was 8000 N. Calculate the braking distance of the car. (2 marks) (iv) The braking distance of a car depends on the speed of the car and the braking force applied. State one other factor that affects braking distance. (1 mark) (v) Applying the brakes of the car causes the temperature of the brakes to increase. Explain why. (2 marks)

34. Gravitational energy The diagram shows a diver diving from the end of a diving board. The height of the diving board above the poolside is 4 m. The mass of the diver is 50 kg. Gravitational field strength is 10 N/kg. 1 a) Calculate the gain of gravitational potential energy as the diver climbs from the poolside to the diving board. (4 marks) (b) The diver enters the water at a speed of 8 m/s. Calculate the kinetic energy of the diver as she hits the water. (4 marks) (c) As she hits the water her kinetic energy is different from the potential energy she gained as she climbed to the diving board. Explain why. (4 marks)

35. Quick Questions 1.What is the unit for momentum? 2.What is the conservation of momentum? 3.What does momentum mean? 4.What is the equation for momentum? 5.What is the formula triangle for momentum?

36. Q1.(a) In any collision, the total momentum of the colliding objects is usually conserved. However sometimes, momentum is not always conserved. Why? (1 mark) b) (i) Use the information in the diagram to calculate the change in the momentum of the car. Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit. (3 marks) (ii) Use the idea of conservation of momentum to calculate the velocity of the van when it is pushed forward by the collision. Show clearly how you work out your answer. (3 marks)

37. In one such experiment the block of wood and bullet had a velocity of 2 m/s immediately after impact. The mass of the bullet was 20 g and the mass of the wooden block 3.980 kg. (i) Calculate the momentum of the block of wood and bullet immediately after impact. (3 marks) (iii) What was the momentum of the bullet immediately before impact. (1 mark) (iv) Calculate the velocity of the bullet before impact. (3 marks) (v) Calculate the kinetic energy of the block of wood and bullet immediately after impact. (3 marks) A bullet is fired into a block of wood suspended by a long thread. The bullet stops in the wooden block. The impact of the bullet makes the block swing. The velocity of the wooden block can be calculated from the distance it swings.

38. Explosions Total before = total after However momentum before = Why do the teenagers not have the same momentum?

39. Current Electricity 1.Current 2.Potential difference 3.Energy 4.Work done 5.Power 6.Charge 7.Time 8.Resistance 9.Energy transferred 10.Voltage What are the units for the following:

40. To do: How can many can you remember?

41. Ammeter Reading on ammeter in amps A1A1 A2A2 0.2 A3A3 0.3 A4A4 CurrentPotential difference Series Parallel

42. Definitions & units? Charge Current Potential difference Resistance Work done

43. Q tI Q = I x t Symbol equation Electricity is when electrons move around a circuit and carry energy with them. Each electron has a negative CHARGE. Charge is measured in Coulombs (C). Charge = current x (in C) (in A) (in s) Word equation time (units)

44. Task 1.What is the current when 20C of charge pass through an ammeter in 2minutes? 2.A battery can produce 20A of current. How much charge does it discharge in 30s? 3.Another battery can produce a charge of 30A. How long will this battery be running before it has discharge the same amount of charge as the battery in Q2? 4.A car engine requires a battery that can produce a current of 40A to start. A mechanic places a battery that can discharge 100C in 30s into a car. Will this battery be good enough to start the car? Why? 5.For the question above, how much charge would the battery have to discharge in 30s to start the engine? LO: Understand how to create electrical circuits

45. W Q V V = W Q Symbol equation The work done or energy transferred by each coulomb of charge Sometimes called voltage Potential difference is measured in Volts (V). (in V) Word equation (units) Potential difference Work done (in J) Charge (in C) =

46. The circuit below is switched on for 2 minutes. During this time, 72 coulombs of charge pass through the lamp. Use the correct equation to calculate the energy transformed by the lamp while the circuit is switched on. (3 marks)

47. V I R R = V I Symbol equation Why do electrons experience resistance in a wire? Resistance is measured in Ohms (Ω). Total resistance of components in series is equal to the sum of resistance of each component (in Ω) Word equation (units) Resistance Potential difference (in V) Current (in A) =

48. The resistance of a 24 W, 12 V filament lamp depends on the current flowing through the lamp. For currents up to 0.8 A, the resistance has a constant value of 2.5 Ω. Use the correct equation to calculate the potential difference across the lamp when a current of 0.8 A flows through the lamp. (3 marks)

49. When correctly connected to a 9 volt battery a wire has a current of 0.30 amperes flowing through it. Use the correct equation to calculate the resistance of the wire. Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit. (3 marks)

50. Ohm’s Law Ohm’s Law states that the current through a resistor is proportional to the potential difference provided the temperature is constant

51. Current-potential difference graphs Which one of the components A, B or C could be a 3 volt filament lamp? Explain the reason for your choice. (3 marks) Mark scheme C resistance increases negated by wrong statement e.g. current goes down as the lamp gets hot accept as current (through lamp) or voltage (across lamp) increases

52. Current-potential difference graphs

53. Thermistors & LDRs NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIPS!!! Increase in light =decrease in resistance Increase in temperature = decrease in resistance

54. Mains Electricity 1.Label part A, B, wire X, wire Y and wire Z. What colour are the three wires? 2.What do each of the wires do? 3.Give 4 common mistakes that might occur when wiring a plug.

56. AC/DC 1. Describe the difference between an alternating current (a.c.) and a direct current (d.c.). 2. Calculate the value of the largest peak potential difference.

57. The oscilloscope is now connected across a 3 V battery. The battery supplies direct current (d.c.). The settings on the oscilloscope are not changed. On the diagram below draw the trace you would see on the oscilloscope screen.

58. Q3. The diagram shows two oscilloscope traces, A and B. Trace A shows how the potential difference between the live and neutral terminals of an electricity supply changes with time. a) Describe how the potential of the live terminal varies with respect to the neutral terminal of the electricity supply. b) Each horizontal division on the oscilloscope represents 0.005 s. (i) What is the period of this electricity supply? (ii) Calculate the frequency of the supply.

59. P VI P = I x V Symbol equation The power of an appliance is the energy (in Joules) it transfers in 1 second The current is the flow of charge (electrons) each second. The potential difference across a component is the energy transferred by each coulomb of charge. Power = current x (in W) (in A) (in V) Word equation potential difference (units)

60. Power = current x potential difference 1150 W (3)

61. Power and fuses 1. The fuse inside a plug is a safety device. Explain what happens when too much current passes through a fuse. AppliancePower rating (W) Voltage (V)Current needed (A) Fuse needed (3, 5 or 13A) Toaster720230 Fire2000230 Hairdryer300230 Hoover1000230 Computer100230 Stereo80230

62. RCCBs 1. What happens, as the cable is cut, to cause the RCCB to switch the circuit off? 2. A circuit can also be switched off by the action of a fuse. Give two advantages of using a RCCB to switch off a circuit rather than a fuse.

63. The amount of energy that flows in a circuit depends on 1.the amount of charge carried by the electrons 2.the voltage pushing the charge around The energy from the battery is equal to the sum of the energy transferred to all the components in a circuit. E QV E = V x Q Symbol equation Energy = x charge (in J) (in V) (in C) Word equation potential difference

64. b) The 230 volt mains electricity supply causes a current of 11 amps to flow through the cable. (i) Calculate the amount of charge that flows through the cable when the cable is switched on for 2 hours and give the unit. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet. (3) (ii) Calculate the energy transferred from the cable to the soil in 2 hours. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet. (3)

65. Charge = energy / potential difference Current = charge / time 210 C 0.7 A

66. 1. Most elements have some isotopes which are radioactive. (a) What is meant by the terms: (i) isotopes (ii) radioactive? (2 marks) 2. Draw a line from each type of radiation to the correct description. Draw only 3 lines (3 marks)

67. (a) The chart gives the number of protons and neutrons within the nuclei of 7 different atoms, A – G. Which of these atoms are isotopes of the same element? Give a reason for your answer. (2 marks)

68. 1.Describe the structure of alpha particles. 2.What are beta particles? 3.Describe how beta radiation is produced by a radioactive isotope. (1 mark) (2 marks)

69. In the early part of the 20th century, scientists used the ‘ plum pudding ’ model to explain the structure of the atom. Following work by Rutherford and Marsden, a new model of the atom, called the ‘ nuclear ’ model, was suggested. Describe the differences between the two models of the atom. (4 marks)

70. The diagram shows the paths, A, B and C, of three alpha particles. The total number of alpha particles deflected through each angle is also given. b) Using the nuclear model of the atom, explain the three paths, A, B and C. (3 marks)

71. AlphaBetaGamma Structure Charge Ionisation effect Deflection in magnetic field? Deflection in electric field?

72. Radiation equations Alpha (  ) – an atom decays into a new atom and emits an alpha particle (2 protons and 2 neutrons – the nucleus of a helium atom) Beta (  ) – an atom decays into a new atom by changing a neutron into a proton and electron. The electron is called a beta particle. Gamma – after  or  decay surplus energy is sometimes emitted. This is called gamma radiation and has a very high frequency with short wavelength. The atom is not changed.

73. 1. Radium-226 is a radioactive isotope that decays into radon gas by emitting alpha particles. The decay can be represented by the equation below. Complete the equation by writing the correct number in each of the boxes. (2 marks) 2. An atom of iodine-131 decays into an atom of xenon (Xe) by emitting a beta particle. The decay of iodine-131 can be represented by the equation below. (2) Complete the equation by writing the correct number in each of the two boxes. (2 marks)