2. Population Trends & Migration population rises in Europe until 1910 when it levels off population rates continue to rise in underdeveloped nations and areas leading to food shortages people continued to move from rural to urban areas between 1846 and 1932, 50 million Europeans leave their homeland to go to the United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia, Brazil and Argentina

3. The 2 nd Industrial Revolution 1870-1914 new industries emerge in third quarter of 19th century leading to the Second Industrial Revolution new industries included; steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil Bessemer process – new way to mass produce steel cheaply revolutionizes the steel industry Solway process – uses alkali production to make new soaps, dyes, and plastics electricity changes how people live and travel automobiles – Gottlieb Daimler – invents modern internal combustion engine leading to automobiles – Henry Ford – American, who through the assembly line made the auto accessible to the masses – autos lead to the growth of the oil industry

4. Development “zones” Inner Zone  Br, Fr, Ger, Belg, No. It, W. Austria Outer Zone  Ire., Iberian Pen., most of Italy, Europe east of Ger. Underdeveloped Zone  Afro- Asia “Second” Industrial Revolution – Steam  electricity – Internal combustion & diesel engines. – Cars, planes, submarines. – Britain  “The World’s Industrial Workshop” – Corporations  limited liability of investments. – Mass production. Free Trade-esp. Great Britain World Markets The 2 nd Industrial Revolution

5. bad weather and foreign competition make it tough for European industries in the last quarter of the century stagnation, pockets of unemployment, bad working conditions, strikes and other forms of labor unrest emerge expansion of industry and consumer demand bring Europe out of stagnation by late in the century

6. The Middle Class in Ascendancy social distinctions of the middle class – owners and mangers – lived like an aristocracy – comfortable small entrepreneurs and professional people (teachers, librarians, shopkeepers) – incomes permitted private homes and large quantities of furniture, education and vacations – “white collar workers” – formed lower middle class – petite bourgeoisie – such as secretaries, retail clerks, lower level bureaucrats – spent money on consumer goods that made sure to make them look like middle class tensions mount between the classes

7. The Middle Class in Ascendancy A Typical Middle Class British parlor

8. Late 19 th Century Urban Life The Redesign of Cities The New Paris – Paris rebuilt for political purposes – to discourage riots and creation of thousands of government jobs – department stores, office complexes, apartments for the middle class, and a subway are built – arts and architecture – Paris Opera, Eiffel Tower, and Basilica of the Sacred Heart built – suburbs – to get away from the congestion of the city, many middle-class residents move to communities just outside the urban centers Baron Haussman Emperor Napoleon III

9. Late 19 th Century Urban Life Paris 1890s

10. Late 19 th Century Urban Life London 1890s

11. Late 19 th Century Urban Life Berlin 1890s

12. Late 19 th Century Urban Life Urban Sanitation cholera – believed to be caused by filth and smell, touched all classes and reached epidemic proportions in 1830’s and 1840’s water and sewer systems – disposed of human waste and provided clean drinking water government involvement in public health –private property could be condemned if deemed unhealthy –new building regulations

13. Varieties of Late Nineteenth-Century Women's Experiences Barriers for Women in Late 19th Century property – until last quarter of century – most women in Europe could not own property – everything was in their husband’s name / only Britain changed this in 1882 with the Married Women’s Property Act family law – divorce was difficult to obtain, men had legal control of the children, and contraception and abortion were illegal education –could not attend universities until late 19th century –absence of secondary education for women –women with professional jobs were considered radicals and faced discrimination

14. Women only gradually gained access to secondary and university education during the second half of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. Young women on their way to school, the subject of this 1880 English painting, would thus have been a new sight when it was painted. Sir George Clausen (RA) (1852–1944), “Schoolgirls, Haverstock Hill,” signed and dated 1880, oil on canvas, 20 × 30 in. (52 × 77.2 cm), Yale Center for British Art/Paul Mellon Collection, USA/Bridgeman Art Library (B1985.10.1). Courtesy of the Estate of Sir George Clausen

15. The bicycle helped liberate women’s lives, but as this poster suggests, it also was associated with glamour and fashion. © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS

16. Varieties of Late Nineteenth-Century Women's Experiences New Employment for Women new jobs – included secretaries, clerks, and shop assistants / still paid low wages withdrawal from labor force – married women less and less in work force due to: –industries preferring unmarried women –men living longer –social expectations of the married women

17. Women working in the London Central Telephone Exchange. The invention of the telephone opened new employment opportunities for women. Image Works/Mary Evans Picture Library Ltd.

18. Varieties of Late Nineteenth-Century Women's Experiences Working-Class Women putting-out system – manufacturer would purchase material then put it out to the tailors subject to layoffs when demand for products slowed had low wages and subject to exploitation

19. Varieties of Late Nineteenth-Century Women's Experiences Prostitution women displaced in an overcrowded work force turned to prostitution most large 19th century cities had legal prostitution usually low-skill workers with little education / customers were working class men "Albertine at the Police Doctor's Waiting Room", 1885-87 painting by the Norwegian writer and painter Christian Krohg illustrating his then very controversial novel about the life of a prostituteNorwegianChristian Krohg

20. Varieties of Late Nineteenth-Century Women's Experiences Middle Class Women domesticity – oversaw virtually all the domestic management and child care religion – assured the religious instruction of their children and prayer was a major part of their daily lives charity – worked with poor youth, poor young women, schools for infants, and societies for visiting the poor sexuality – less sexual repression and due to contraceptives and the cost of having children, smaller families “Sweetness is to woman what sugar is to fruit. It is her first busines to be happy - a sunbeam in the house, making others happy. True, she will often have "a tear in her eye", but, like the bride of young Lochinvar, it must be accompanied with "a smile on her lips." Girls and women are willing enough to be agreeable to men if they do not happen to stand to them in the relation of father, brother, or husband; but it is not every woman who remembers that her raison d'être is to give out pleasure to all as a fire gives out heat.” Rev. E.J.Hardy, Manners Makyth Man, 1887

21. Department stores, such as Bon Marche in Paris, sold wide selections of consumer goods under one roof. These modern stores increased the economic pressure on small traditional merchants who specialized in selling only one kind of good. (See “Paris Department Stores Expand their Business,” page 766.) Image Works/Mary Evans Picture Library Ltd.

22. Rise of Feminism obstacles – many women did not support the feminist movement because – sensitivity to class and economic interests – cared more about national unity and patriotism – religious women uncomfortable with radical secularists women’s suffrage in Britain – suffrage – the movement for women to vote – Milli Fawcett – led the moderate National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies – Emmeline Pankhurst – led more radical Women’s Social and Political Union, which encouraged strikes, arson, and vandalism – women given right to vote in Britain in 1918 political feminism – women granted right to vote in France (after World War II) and Germany (1919) Union of German Women’s Organizations – founded in 1894, supported suffrage, but more concerned about education, social, and political conditions

23. Emmeline Pankhurst (1857–1928) was frequently arrested for forcibly advocating votes for British women. Hulton Archive Photos/Getty Images Inc.

24. Because many major financial institutions of nineteenth- century Europe were owned by wealthy Jewish families, anti-Semitic political figures often blamed them for economic hard times. The most famous such family was the Rothschilds who controlled banks in several countries. The head of the London branch was Lionel Rothschild (1808–1879). He was elected to Parliament several times, but was not seated because he would not take the required Christian oath. After the requirement of that oath was abolished in 1858, he sat in Parliament from 1858 to 1874. Getty Images Inc.– Hulton Archive Photos Jewish Emancipation

25. government to the Jews – limited book publications – restricted areas where they could live – banned them from state service – excluded them from higher education pogroms – organized riots against Jewish neighborhoods, supported by the government Jewish Citizenship first half of 19th century, Jews in Western Europe began to gain equal citizenship still many Jews could not own land and were subject to discriminatory taxes Russian Jews

26. Jewish Emancipation The victims, mostly Jewish children, of a 1905 pogrom in Yekaterinoslav Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Jewish_pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire

27. Labor, Socialism, & Politics to WWI Political Parties universal male suffrage brings organized political parties political parties with its workers, newspapers, offices, social life, and discipline mobilize new voters socialist parties were divided on whether to accept social reform or start a revolution

28. Labor, Socialism, & Politics to WWI The First International British and French trade unionists form the First International, made up of socialists, anarchists and Polish nationalists although short-lived, its updates on labor groups and conditions led to Marxism becoming the most important social strand of socialism Official Symbol of the Socialist International Karl Marx 1818-1883 Author of: The Communist Manifesto & Das Kapital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx

29. Great Britain: Fabianism & Early Welfare Programs British socialism rejected Marxism- composed of Trade Unions and non-Marxist intellectuals. Organized around Trade Unions-1892 Keir Hardie 1 st ‘working man’ to be elected to Parliament. Until 1901 labor & trade unions were allied with the Liberal Party in politics Most influential group the Fabian Society favored change gradually, peacefully, and democratically. Many early Fabians were famous British intellectuals: Beatrice & Sydney Webb George Bernard Shaw H.G. WellsTom & Virginia Woolf MP Kier Hardie Emmeline Pankhurst Bertrand Russell

30. Great Britain: Fabianism & Early Welfare Programs Fabians did not favor the Marxist style total state of ownership of all means of production-rather favored more pragmatic collective ownership at the muncipal level-”gas & water socialism”-social democracy 1901 Conservative dominated House of Lords vetoed legal protections for Trade Union. In response the Trade Union Congress launched the Labour Party. Labour Party ‘arm’ were Trade Union workers, its’ ‘head’ was the Fabians. 1906: By the 1920s Labour had surpassed the Liberal Party as the main left- wing party in the UK & main opposition to the Conservatives. 1924 Labor Party wins the general election & Ramsay MacDonald becomes the first Labour Prime Minister of UK. PM Ramsay MacDonald

31. Germany: Social Democrats & Revisionism Bismarck represses German Social Democratic Party (SDP) – anti-socialist laws passed by Reichstag actually strengthen the numbers of the SDP – passes programs such as accident insurance, disability & old age pensions as a conservative alternative to socialist policies The Erfurt Program-1891 – supported Marxist ideas of the collapse of capitalism, but wanted to pursue goals through legislative action, not revolution-a hybrid between Marxism & British Fabianism Revisionism – German socialists ideas of achieving humane social equality without having a revolution founded by Eduard Bernstein critics of Revisionism felt that evolution towards socialism would not work in militaristic, authoritative Germany Eduard Bernstein August Bebel Karl Kautsky

32. Industrial Growth in Russia Count Sergei Witte – first Russian minister of communications and later finance minister / wanted to modernize Russian economy through – economic development – protective tariffs – high taxes – Russian currency on gold standard steel, iron, and textile industries expand as Trans-Siberian Railroad is completed (1903) social unrest – growth of industry does not improve lives of the peasants, many who have to work on the land of prosperous farmers known as kulaks liberal party formed by the local councils (zemstvos), wanted a constitutional monarchy to further civil liberties and social progress

33. Vladimir Lenin – future leader of the communist revolution led Social Democrats who rejected the German ideas of gradual socialism and called for a revolution Social Democratic Party split into two: – Lenin’s faction, the majority or Bolsheviks – the moderate faction, the minority or the Mensheviks wanted to unite workers and peasants to overthrow the tsar (idea came about in 1905, but revolution didn’t occur till 1917)

34. The Revolution of 1905 Bloody Sunday – tsar’s troops violently put down a protest leading to ordinary Russians no longer trusting the tsar worker groups called the soviets, not the tsar, basically control city of St. Petersburg Nicholas II issues October Manifesto promising a constitutional government representative body, the Duma, put into place in 1907 – conservative in nature basically kept the power of the tsar in place Stolypin and Rasputin P.A. Stolypin – replaced Witte as finance minister – represses socialist rebellion, including execution of rebellious peasants – improves agricultural production by encouraging individual ownership – assassinated by a Social Revolutionary Grigory Efimovich Rasputin – replaced Stolypin because supposedly his wife could heal the tsar’s hemophiliac son / uncouth and strange, tsar’s power is undermined after 1911