2. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Chapter 13

3. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Guideposts for Study 1. How do school-age children's thinking and moral reasoning differ from those of younger children? 2.What advances in memory and other information-processing skills occur during middle childhood? 3.How accurately can schoolchildren's intelligence be measured?

4. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Guideposts for Study 4. How do communicative abilities and literacy expand during middle childhood? 5. What influences school achievement? 6. How do schools meet the needs of non-English-speaking children and those with learning problems? 7.How is giftedness assessed and nurtured

5. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Piaget: The Concrete Operational Child Cognitive Advances Understanding of spatial relationships better They understand seriation  can arrange objects in a series based on one or more dimensions, such as weight (lightest to heaviest) or color They understand the principle of identity  Conservation

6. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Piaget: The Concrete Operational Child Influences of Neurological Development Children achieving conservation showed different brain wave patterns from those who had not yet achieved it, suggesting that they were using different brain regions for the task

7. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The Concrete Operational Child Influences of Culture Understanding of conservation may come not only from new patterns of mental organization, but also from culturally defined personal experience with the physical world Conservation may depend in part on familiarity with the materials being manipulated

8. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Moral Reasoning Moral development is linked to cognitive growth Immature moral judgments, Piaget concluded, center only on the degree of offense; more mature judgments consider intent Children make sounder moral judgments when they can look at things from more than one perspective

9. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Moral Reasoning Two stages: First stage=morality of constraint: rules cannot be bent or changed, behavior is right or wrong, any offense deserves punishment, regardless of intent Second stage=morality of cooperation: children discard the idea there is a single, absolute standard of right and wrong, and begin to formulate their own moral code

10. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Can you… Describe Piaget’s two stages of moral development and explain their link to cognitive maturation?

11. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Information Processing Basic Processes and Capacities Efficiency of mental operations: : encoding, storage, and retrieval How much information children can handle at a given time How quickly and accurately they can process Metamemory=understanding the processes of memory

12. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Information Processing Mnemonics: Strategies for Remembering Rehearsal=repetition Organization=mentally placing information into categories Elaboration=associate items with something else

13. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Information Processing Selective Attention= focus on needed information while screening out irrelevant information One of the reasons memory functioning improves during middle childhood Ability to control the intrusion of older thoughts and associations and redirect attention to current, relevant ones is believed to be due to neurological maturation

14. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Information Processing Information Processing and Piagetian Tasks As a child's application of a concept or scheme becomes more automatic, it frees space in working memory to deal with new information Young children's working memory is so limited that, even if they could master the concept of conservation, they may not be able to remember all the relevant information

15. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Psychometric Assessment of Intelligence Traditional Group Tests Otis-Lennon School Ability Test for kindergarten through twelfth grade classify items, show an understanding of verbal and numerical concepts, display general information, and follow directions

16. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Psychometric Assessment of Intelligence Traditional Individual Tests Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III) The IQ Controversy IQ scores during middle childhood are fairly good predictors of school achievement They can help in selecting students for advanced or slow-paced classes

17. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Psychometric Assessment of Intelligence Is there more than one intelligence? Gardner (1993) says people have at least seven separate kinds of intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic interpersonal, and intrapersonal. naturalist intelligence (added in 1998)

18. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Which of Gardner’s “intelligences” are you strongest in? Did your education include a focus on any of these?

19. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Psychometric Assessment of Intelligence Is there more than one intelligence? Sternberg's (1985) triarchic theory of intelligence describes three elements of intelligence: Componential= the analytic aspect of intelligence (book smarts) Experiential= insightful Contextual= practical (street smarts)

20. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Psychometric Assessment of Intelligence Alternative directions in intelligence testing Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children has separate scales for aptitude (processing abilities) and achievement. has a nonverbal scale for children with hearing impairments or speech or language disorders and for those whose primary language is not English

21. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Language and Literacy Vocabulary, Grammar, and Syntax As vocabulary grows during the school years, children use increasingly precise verbs to describe an action, i.e.hitting, slapping Pragmatics: Knowledge about Communication Practical use of language to communicate including conversational and narrative skills

22. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Language and Literacy Literacy= Learning to read and write Most children learn to read phonetically by sounding out words The whole-language approach: children can learn to read and write naturally Most effective way to teach reading, (National Reading Panel), is to develop strong phonetic skills plus improving fluency and comprehension

23. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The Child in School Entering First Grade First grade experience lays the foundation for a child's entire school career Children who had attended full-day kindergarten did better on achievement tests and got higher marks in reading and math early in first grade than those who had attended kindergarten half days or not at all

24. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The Child in School Environmental Influences on School Achievement Children's own characteristics, the context of their lives, the immediate family, the classroom, messages they receive from the larger culture all influence how well they do in school

25. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The Child in School Second-Language Education Approximately 6 million U.S. children speak a language other than English at home English-immersion approach (ESL, or English as a Second Language)=minority children are immersed in English in special classes Bilingual education=children taught first in their native language then switch to regular classes in English

26. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The Child in School Children with Learning Problems Mental retardation=significantly subnormal cognitive functioning Dyslexia=developmental reading disorder in which reading achievement is substantially below the level predicted by IQ or age. Learning disabilities=disorders that interfere with school achievement  performance substantially lower than expected

27. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The Child in School Children with Learning Problems Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with or without hyperactivity ADHD has a substantial genetic basis, with heritability approaching 80 percent ADHD is generally treated with drugs, sometimes combined with behavioral therapy, counseling, training in social skills, and special classroom placement

28. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The Child in School Gifted Children: The traditional criterion of giftedness is high general intelligence, as shown by an IQ score of 130 or higher A classic longitudinal study of gifted children began in 1921, by Lewis M. Terman: these children were taller, healthier, better coordinated, better adjusted, and more popular than the average child

29. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The Child in School Gifted Children Their cognitive, scholastic, and vocational superiority has held up for nearly eighty years Creativity=ability to see things in a new light divergent thinking enrichment or acceleration classes for both gifted and creative children

30. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Can you… Discuss the relationships between giftedness and life achievements, and between IQ and creativity? Describe two approaches to education of gifted children?

31. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Would you favor strengthening, cutting back, or eliminating special education programs for gifted students?