1. Image shutterstock.com CHAPTER 2 Influences on Housing Housing and Interior Design By Carolyn S. Turner 10 th Edition

2. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objectives Relate historical events to housing. Summarize various cultures and housing characteristics. Determine the relationship between societal changes and housing. Analyze concerns about environmental aspects of housing. Compare and contrast the effects of economy and housing on each other. Assess the impact of technology on housing. Summarize the role of government in housing decisions. Objectives

3. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Historical Influences on Housing The first European settlers brought their housing ideas to North America Housing form has evolved over time from early shelter to what exists today

4. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Early Shelter Early humans lived in caves, providing –protection from the weather –basic shelter Another form of early shelter was a dugout—a large hole dug in the earth

5. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Housing of Native Americans Native Americans occupied North America before European settlers arrived Some early Native Americans lived in cliff dwellings ©CatonPhotoShutterstock.com continued

6. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Housing of Native Americans Native American housing depended on available materials Some Native Americans lived in –huts –tepees –wigwams –permanent structures ©Naaman Abreu/Shutterstock.com

7. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Housing of the Colonists The first English settlement was established in 1585 Early settler houses copied the American Native housing Early colonists had house-raising events in which neighbors helped build each other’s houses continued

8. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Housing of the Colonists After settling, many colonists began copying houses from their homelands, which were often –not suited for the North American environment Early housing quality was limited due to lack of skills, tools, and materials Log cabins became a symbol of early U. S. housing because of the abundance of trees continued

9. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Housing of the Colonists Early housing was found in group settings for security As more settlers arrived –builders with skills and tools improved the housing quality of the colonists

10. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Housing of the 1700s and 1800s During the 1700s and 1800s, settlers moved west to settle on large plots of land Farmhouse design ranged from –sod houses, log cabins, to ranch houses and some large plantation houses By the late 1700s, most North American settlers were agrarian and –made their living from the land continued

11. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Housing of the 1700s and 1800s By the 1890s, the rural population decreased as a result of the Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) The Industrial Revolution provided machines and mass production of products Populations in cities grew as people moved to cities to find jobs, increasing the demand for housing in urban areas

12. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Image shutterstock.com Discuss During the 1700s and 1800s, construction companies “showed off” how they used machines to add variety in trim work What features in this image give evidence to the mass production of materials of this time? ©Yevgenia Gorbulsky/Shutterstock.com

13. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Urban Housing With the growth of urban housing, density became a concern resulting in new options –Tenement houses were early apartments, but conditions were very poor continued ©illusionstudio/Shutterstock.com

14. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Urban Housing Row houses are linked by common side walls Government regulations addressed such sanitary needs as –running water –a kitchen sink –a window in each room –community toilets ©Soliel C/Shutterstock.com

15. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Changes in Housing In the 1700s and 1800s, changes in housing and the housing industry involved new –inventions –machinery –technology Changes included wood- and coal-burning stoves, oil and gas lamps (replacing candles), some indoor toilets and bathtubs continued

16. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Changes in Housing The construction of building required an architect, who –designed the dwelling –supervised the construction People working in construction became more specialized such as carpenters, plumbers, and electricians No one housing style was dominate

17. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Housing in the 1900s With increasing numbers of immigrants in cities, more housing became a need During World War I (1914-1918) –a housing shortage existed –repair of housing was neglected After the War, one-third of the population lived in substandard housing continued

18. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Housing in the 1900s As a result of the Great Depression (1929), house building slowed The first housing census was taken in 1940, and revealed that housing –needs at all income levels had NOT been met –conditions were in a neglected state due to World War I and the Great Depression

19. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Solutions to Housing Shortages Factory-built housing became a solution for housing shortages because it was built –faster on an assembly line –inside so weather was not an issue continued ©Lindasj22/Shutterstock.com

20. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Solutions to Housing Shortages After World War II, came the appearance of tract houses These houses, often called “cookie cutter” houses –all looked alike –were moderate in size ©cherezoff/Shutterstock.com

21. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Improvements in Urban Housing Emerging ideas to improve housing, included –new town─a planned small- to midsize city with a range of housing, industrial, commercial, educational, and recreational facilities New towns date back to the early 1990s but became more popular in 1960s In the 1990s, a newer version of the new town appeared, called new urbanism continued

22. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Improvements in Urban Housing New urbanism led to a focus on –sustainable communities –live/work environments Another improvement was the subdivision, a –tract of land divided into parcels that is easier to sell and develop continued

23. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Improvements in Urban Housing Subdivisions contributed to higher housing quality by –controlling lot size and proper layout –obtaining permission from local government officials to create a subdivision Adequate housing for everyone –has never been fully achieved in the U. S. –remains one of the nation’s greatest challenges

24. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Cultural Influences on Housing The beliefs, social customs, and traits of a group of people form their culture A group’s culture influences their housing choices, and the housing becomes a part of the culture continued ©Andresr/Shutterstock.com

25. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Cultural Influences on Housing The Navajo, a Native American tribe in the North-American Southwest, lived in the hogan─a log and mud building –The windows faced west and a single door faced east for religious significance continued ©Naaman Abreu/Shutterstock.com

26. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Cultural Influences on Housing Europeans built houses that looked like the houses from their homelands –such as English cottages, and Dutch Colonial, French Normandy, and Italianate styles Housing has been a strong indicator of culture throughout history –As cultures change, the changes become evident in housing

27. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. New Immigrants Each year, new immigrants enter the U. S. and their cultures influence their housing –Some have large extended families that want to live together –Some want a large yard to grow vegetables like they did in their homelands –Some have language barriers making it difficult to obtain housing –Some are skilled workers, others professionals

28. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Societal Influences on Housing Many societal changes affect housing, including –household size –household composition –mobile society –older population –special needs –affordable housing –leisure time –working at home

29. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Household Size In addition to relationships between people in a household, the U. S. Census collects information on demographics such as –age –income –race –gender Since 1790, average household size has decreased from 3-7 persons to 1-2 persons

30. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Household Composition In addition to changes in household size, came changes to household composition Since 1940, the number of households of married couples has decreased and the number of single-person households has increased Since 2000, the number of single adults has continued to increase, and some –share housing, rent, or are home owners

31. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. An Older Population The average age of Americans is continuing to increase as baby boomers (born between 1946-1964) reach age 65 Housing types and needs change as people age Housing that is adapted to fit the needs of older adults helps them to –remain independent –live in their homes longer

32. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. People with Special Needs People who have physical, sensory, or mental disabilities need housing designed to allow them to carry out daily activities A disability can interfere with a person’s ability to walk, lift, hear, or see ©AISPIX by Image Source/Shutterstock.com

33. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Finding Affordable Housing For housing to be affordable, it should cost less than 30% of the occupant’s income Many people live in inadequate housing due to –unemployment or loss of income With housing costs rising faster than income, middle-income households must –decide how to balance housing and lifestyle needs

34. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Changing Roles The changing roles of women in the workforce impact housing decisions A dual-career family results when both adults in a family are employed outside the home Although dual-career families have more income, they –have less time for household tasks –desire convenient housing

35. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Planning for Leisure Time Lifestyle needs related to leisure affect housing choices Balancing work schedules with household tasks and responsibilities leaves little time for rest and relaxation As a result, households may –choose low-maintenance living –seek housing that supports the choice of leisure activities

36. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Working at Home Technological and other workplace changes have increased the number of persons working at home Telecommunting involves working at home or another site through an electronic link to a computer network at a central office continued

37. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Working at Home Telecommuting from home requires –creating a functional and convenient home work space –dealing with distractions that interfere with work –developing strategies to deal with relationship challenges –completing household and job tasks

38. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Image shutterstock.com Discuss Working at home has benefits and challenges What challenges face people who work at home? What do people need to do to make working at home a success? ©Chinaview/Shutterstock.com

39. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. A Mobile Society Households move from one area to another because of –job requirements –retirement –health concerns –desire for different housing Populations are shifting to the Sunbelt –the southern and southwestern regions of the United States

40. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Environmental Influences on Housing Environment includes all conditions, objects, places, and people in an area All affect housing choices in the –natural environment –constructed environment –behavioral environment

41. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Natural Environment Elements of the natural environment include the land, trees, water and climate of an area Shelter varies according to the climate in which it is located and may include –sloped roofs to shed rain or snow –flat, accessible roofs in warm, dry areas –large windows to show views continued

42. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Natural Environment Topography is the arrangement of physical features of the land Topography and climate influence the location and design of dwellings –House designs that harmonize with natural settings and climates are likely to be more efficient

43. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Image shutterstock.com Discuss Architects can design houses to fit various natural environments What do these photos suggest about the natural environment? How might their designs benefit from each environment? ©/PHB.cz (Richard Semik)Shutterstock.com ©Mario Savoia/Shutterstock.com

44. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Constructed Environment The constructed environment includes –the natural environment and –any buildings or developments on the site ©Amy Walters/Shutterstock.com

45. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Behavioral Environment The behavioral environment overlaps with the natural and constructed environment Behavioral environments include –child care centers, schools, shopping centers, neighborhoods, and houses Positive behavioral environments support –positive growth and development of household members

46. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Economic Influences on Housing People make decisions on how to use resources to meet their shelter needs Housing is the single most costly item in a household’s budget Housing affects the economy and the economy affects housing

47. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. How Housing Affects the Economy Housing affects the local economy in several ways, including the number of –families that can afford to buy a median-priced home in the area –housing starts (houses under construction) in the area continued ©SUE ASHE/Shutterstock.com

48. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. How Housing Affects the Economy With construction of new housing comes purchases in –home appliances –furniture –carpeting –consumer goods (lamps) continued ©Dark One/Shutterstock.com

49. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. How the Economy Affects Housing The housing industry depends on the –housing market—the demand for and supply of housing Housing is usually the first segment of the economy to start growing after an economic slump Growth in the housing industry has a positive impact on the gross domestic product (GDP)

50. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Technological Influences on Housing Technology is the practical application of knowledge Technology has changed how people –adapt their housing As technology changes over time, new and better ways of meeting human needs result

51. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Early Technology Early cave dwellers used the earth to keep them warm in winter and cool in summer Over time, technology improved natural materials and new techniques replaced the old, for example –logs were made into planks ©Symbiot/Shutterstock.com

52. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Industrialization With the Industrial Revolution came mass production of housing, such as ready-made –materials (doors, cabinets) –housing kits (to order via catalog) Railroads moved products efficiently Machines saved on human labor

53. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. High Tech The latest technology, high tech, uses computers and the Internet in housing to allow central control of –energy management –entertainment –security systems Such technology promotes convenient living continued

54. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. High Tech Computer-aided drafting and design (CADD) allows creation of house designs and interiors on the computer ©RAGMA IMAGES/Shutterstock.com

55. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Government Influences on Housing Government influences housing decisions at all levels, including –local –state –federal (national)

56. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Legislation Early legislation focused on protection from fires Most legislation addresses –standards for quality construction –control of land and density –funding for housing (people in need) –environmental protection

57. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Standards for Quality Construction Quality construction involves building codes that –establish minimum standards for materials and construction methods –assure healthy, safe, and sanitary conditions The International Building Code is the most widely adopted model building code worldwide continued

58. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Standards for Quality Construction Electricians and other workers are trained to know the building codes and assure safe houses ©Lisa F. Young/Shutterstock.com

59. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Control of Land and Density A zoning regulation controls land use –making sure that housing areas are separated from commercial and industrial areas Controlling density –reduces the risk of fire –keeps traffic and pollution manageable

60. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Funding for Housing When people acquire certain types of home loans, the government stands behind the lender if the home owner fails to meet the loan obligations Several government agencies help groups of people acquire housing, including –the elderly, people with disabilities, veterans, families with limited incomes, and first-time home buyer

61. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Housing for People in Need Government assistance helps people in need, such as the homeless Local governments may –donate existing housing that requires rehabilitation –assist with infrastructure, including sewer, water, gas, and electrical lines roads and street lighting

62. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Environmental Protection Several government agencies promote safe products and foster a positive natural environment, including –U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) –U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)

63. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Image shutterstock.com Many forces work together to influence housing, including –people throughout history, culture, and society –conditions through the environment, economy, technology, and government Cultural development of housing in North America began when settlers –arrived from all over the world –brought their unique cultures with them Recap continued

64. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Image shutterstock.com Historical events that impacted how people were housed include the –Industrial Revolution –Great Depression –World Wars I and II Societal events affected housing designs, such as –changes in household needs, wants, and lifestyles Recap continued

65. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Image shutterstock.com Housing shortages resulted from the –Industrial Revolution, population increases, and economic crises Use of technology and help of government agencies encouraged development of new solutions for affordable housing Housing is part of the natural, constructed, and behavioral environments, and –each type of environment impacts the other two Recap continued

66. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Image shutterstock.com Major ways the government is involved in housing include –standards for quality construction –control of land and density –housing for people in need –environmental protection Recap