1. Marine Pollution and Solutions/preventions

2. Human Effects on the Marine Environment  Alteration of bottom by dredging shoreline alteration and filling  Introduction of toxic substances  Thermal pollution from power plants  Invasive or non-native species  Marine Legislative Acts  Alteration of bottom by dredging shoreline alteration and filling  Introduction of toxic substances  Thermal pollution from power plants  Invasive or non-native species  Marine Legislative Acts

3. Characteristics of Pollution Acute vs. Chronic Pollution  Acute (short term)  ex. is an oil spill, the effects of which diminish with time  Chronic (long term)  ex. is nutrient input Acute vs. Chronic Pollution  Acute (short term)  ex. is an oil spill, the effects of which diminish with time  Chronic (long term)  ex. is nutrient input

4. Pollution Point and Non-Point  Point source from a single sewer pipe or factory waste-water outfall- pollution can be traced back to.  Non-point source effects cannot be attributed to any single spot and thus harder to control examples: Runoff of toxic substances or fertilizer after a rain  Point source from a single sewer pipe or factory waste-water outfall- pollution can be traced back to.  Non-point source effects cannot be attributed to any single spot and thus harder to control examples: Runoff of toxic substances or fertilizer after a rain

5. Using Organisms to Monitor Pollution  Determining species diversity usually declines in strongly polluted habitats  species exposure of certain species to varying concentrations of toxic materials crabs and mussels often used  Determining species diversity usually declines in strongly polluted habitats  species exposure of certain species to varying concentrations of toxic materials crabs and mussels often used

6. Biodegradable vs. Inert Toxic Substances  toxic substances bio magnify up the food chain whereas biodegradable materials do not  Substances that bio magnify:  heavy metals - cadmium, mercury and lead  Pesticides made of chlorinated hydrocarbons ketone, DDT, chlordane, dioxin  PCBs - used as lubricants  toxic substances bio magnify up the food chain whereas biodegradable materials do not  Substances that bio magnify:  heavy metals - cadmium, mercury and lead  Pesticides made of chlorinated hydrocarbons ketone, DDT, chlordane, dioxin  PCBs - used as lubricants

7. Important Toxic Substances  Sources- mines, sewage, insecticides, fungicides and industry  Oil  Mercury (methylmercury) see the story in the text on Minamata disease  Cadmium from electroplating and battery manufacturing plants  Lead  Chlorinated hydrocarbons  PCBs  Sources- mines, sewage, insecticides, fungicides and industry  Oil  Mercury (methylmercury) see the story in the text on Minamata disease  Cadmium from electroplating and battery manufacturing plants  Lead  Chlorinated hydrocarbons  PCBs

8. Oil Pollution - Sources  Leaks from marine terminals and in harbors  Leaks from offshore drilling  Leaks from breakup of oil tankers and barges  Washout of oil into storm drains  Leaks from marine terminals and in harbors  Leaks from offshore drilling  Leaks from breakup of oil tankers and barges  Washout of oil into storm drains

9. Some Major Oil Spill Catastrophes  ABT Summer Oil Spill- May 28, 1991  51-81 million gallons  Amoco Cadiz Oil Spill- March 16, 1978  69 million gallons  Castillo de Bellver Oil Spill- Aug. 6, 1983  79 million gallons  Nowruz Oil Field Spill- Feb. 10, 1983  80 million gallons  Kolva River Oil Spill- Aug. 6, 1983  84 million gallons  Atlantic Empress Oil Spill- July 19, 1979  90 million gallons  Ixtoc 1 Oil Spill- June 3, 1979  140 million gallons  Gulf oil spill- April 22, 2010  estimated 206 million gallons  Arabian Gulf/Kuwait- Jan. 19, 1991  380-520 million gallons  ABT Summer Oil Spill- May 28, 1991  51-81 million gallons  Amoco Cadiz Oil Spill- March 16, 1978  69 million gallons  Castillo de Bellver Oil Spill- Aug. 6, 1983  79 million gallons  Nowruz Oil Field Spill- Feb. 10, 1983  80 million gallons  Kolva River Oil Spill- Aug. 6, 1983  84 million gallons  Atlantic Empress Oil Spill- July 19, 1979  90 million gallons  Ixtoc 1 Oil Spill- June 3, 1979  140 million gallons  Gulf oil spill- April 22, 2010  estimated 206 million gallons  Arabian Gulf/Kuwait- Jan. 19, 1991  380-520 million gallons

10. Potential Results of Pollution  A reduction in biodiversity  Stress on populations that are already threatened or endangered  A reduction in biodiversity  Stress on populations that are already threatened or endangered

11. Nutrient Enrichment Leads To  Algal blooms which can lead to  High antiherbivory toxin production such as  red tides (Dinoflagllates) which effect shellfish and vertebrates  Algal blooms which can lead to  High antiherbivory toxin production such as  red tides (Dinoflagllates) which effect shellfish and vertebrates

12. Marine Legislation Six Important Acts  National Marine Sanctuaries Act - (1972) (NMSA)  Fisheries Management and Conservation Act (1976)  Clean Water Act (1977)  Endangered Species Act  Estuaries and Clean Water Act (2000)  The Oceans Act (2000)  National Marine Sanctuaries Act - (1972) (NMSA)  Fisheries Management and Conservation Act (1976)  Clean Water Act (1977)  Endangered Species Act  Estuaries and Clean Water Act (2000)  The Oceans Act (2000)

13. National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972  Authorizes the Sec. of Commerce to manage areas of the marine environment with historical or recreational values as National Marine Sanctuaries.  The primary objective is to protect marine resources while hosting public and private uses of those resources.  Authorizes the Sec. of Commerce to manage areas of the marine environment with historical or recreational values as National Marine Sanctuaries.  The primary objective is to protect marine resources while hosting public and private uses of those resources.

14. Fisheries Management and Conservation Act - 1976  Primary goals include conservation and management of fisheries resources, development of U.S. domestic fisheries and phasing out foreign fishing activities within the 200 mile conservation zone adjacent to the U.S. coastline.

15. Clean Water Act of 1977  Illegal to discharge any pollutant from a source into navigable waters unless a permit is obtained

16. Endangered Species Act  Provides conservations of threatened and endangered plants and animals and the habitats in which they are found.  The law prohibits any action, that results in a taking of a listed species.  Provides conservations of threatened and endangered plants and animals and the habitats in which they are found.  The law prohibits any action, that results in a taking of a listed species.

17. Estuaries and Clean Waters Act of 2000  Establishes a Estuary Habitat Restoration Council to develop a cleaner environment.

18. Oceans Act of 2000  Issues will cover coastal hazards, stewardship, marine pollution prevention, enhancing marine-related commerce and transportation, research and education and the use of technology to address coastal issues.