1. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING: A CASE STUDY ON AUTONOMOUS CARS BY AMAL JOSE Btech Mechanical

2. INTELLIGENCE Intelligence is the ability to learn about, learn from, understand, and interact with one’s environment.  To respond to situations very flexibly  To recognize the relative importance of different elements of situations  To find similarities between situations. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE The ability to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain. Proposed by Alan Turing(1950), a British Computer Scientist. 2

3. A.I. IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING  It can be termed as Machine intelligence. It combines a wide variety of advanced technologies to give machine the ability to learn, adapt, make decisions and display behaviors not explicitly programmed into their original capabilities.  Different Areas: Robotics Speech Recognition Facial Recognition 3 navigation mapping motion planning object recognition

4. AUTONOMOUS CARS It is a vehicle that can drive itself from one point to another without assistance from a driver; in other words, with an autopilot system 4

5. MAIN COMPONENTS OF AUTONOMOUS CARS  GPS  LIDAR  RADAR  VIDEO CAMERAS  POSITION ESTIMATOR 5

6. Components 6

7. COMPONENTS  GPS  It gives the position of the car using satellites in a map like google map  GPS interacts with Map and acts like a database  Map Gives information about upcoming intersections, traffic Report, directions, paths  LIDAR-Light Detection And Ranging  heart of Autonomous Car  It is rotating sensor on the roof producing laser beam  Scans more than 200ft in all directions.  Makes a precise 3D map of surroundings. 7

8. COMPONENTS  RADAR  It helps to determine the position of distant object.  There are radar sensors in the front and back of the car.  VIDEO CAMERA  Mounted near the rear view mirror.  Detects traffic lights  Detects moving objects 8

9. COMPONENTS  POSITION ESTIMATOR  Mounted on left rear wheel  Measures small movement of the car and  Accurately locates its position on the map 9

10. OTHER TECHNOLOGIES MAKING THE CAR FULLY AUTONOMOUS  Adaptive cruise control  Adaptive highbeams  Traffic signal recognition 10

11. ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL 11  Cruise control keeps the car at a constant speed by taking over the throttle of the car  It also maintain a set distance between it and the car in front of it  Uses either a radar setup allowing the vehicle to slow when approaching another vehicle and accelerate again to the preset speed when traffic allows

12. ADAPTIVE HIGHBEAM Automatically and continuously adapts the headlamp range to the distance of vehicles ahead or which are oncoming. 12

13. TRAFIC SIGNAL RECOGNITION  A sensor “actinometer “ is used to detect the intensity of radiation  Light of different colors will radiate different -2- intensity of radiation  Which will be detected by the sensor  If the detected intensity is of red color or yellow color  The controller will send a command to stop the vehicle 13

14. ACTUATION  By coordinating the inputs from sensors and the technologies above mentioned E.C.U. (Engine/Electronic Control Unit) determines the path, speed, direction etc by controlling the throttle, steering, brakes etc.  (ECU) is a generic term for any embedded system that controls one or more of the electrical systems or subsystems in a motor vehicle.  ECU include Throttle control unit, steering control unit,brake control unit and many other control units 14

15.  ADVANTAGES OF AUTONOMOUS CARS  Less traffic collisions  increased roadway capacity and reduced traffic congestion  Reduction of physical road signage  High Energy efficiency  humans are not required to take the car, robots can be used  Can find out current position of car by GPS.  Less space is needed for parking  DISADVANTAGES  Chance of hacking.  Failure of sensor can create a chance of accident - 15

16.  RECENTLY DEVELOPED AUTONOMOUS CARS  Google driverless car Google driverless car  Volkswagen Golf GTI Volkswagen Golf GTI  Audi TTS Audi TTS 16

17. CONCLUSION There is no doubt about future of automotive field and that will be AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE. But the biggest hurdles will be legal, not technical. For example, who is responsible when one of these cars gets in an accident? And how will the police pull over an autonomous car if they need to? If this problem is solved autonomous cars will have a bigger impact on society than when the first horseless carriages appeared over a century ago. 17

18. REFERENCE  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_car  http://www.darpa.mil/our work  Electrical machines and automatic control by J.b.gupta  http://autocontrols.com.au/  http://www.howstuffworks.com/cruise- control 18

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22. ECU Airbag Control Unit (ACU) Airbag Body Control Module controls door locks, electric windows, courtesy lights, etc. Body Control Module Convenience Control Unit (CCU) Door Control Unit Engine Control Unit (ECU)—not to be confused with electronic control unit, the generic term for all these devices Engine Control Unit Electric Power Steering Control Unit (PSCU)— Generally this will be integrated into the EPS powerpack. Electric Power Steering Control UnitEPS Human Machine Interface (HMI) Human Machine Interface Powertrain Control Module (PCM): Sometimes the functions of the Engine Control Unit and Transmission Control Unit are combined into a single unit called the Powertrain Control Module. Powertrain Control ModuleEngine Control Unit Transmission Control Unit Seat Control Unit Speed Control Unit Telephone Control Unit (TCU) Transmission Control Unit (TCU) Transmission Control Unit Brake Control Module (ABS or ESC)ABSESC 22

23. Several reference GPS receivers are placed at stationary locations, whose coordinates are known. These receivers compare their known locations to the location information they receive from satellites, and broadcast the range errors they detect from each other and from every satellite. A DGPS receiver can pick up this range error information and correlate it with the satellite signals it is receiving, to find out its true position. The accuracy is dependent on how fast the reference receivers broadcast their signals. 23

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