1. Hilsen fra Lakshmi

2. Attaining the Millennium Development Goals in India: How Likely & What Will It Take?

3. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) MDGs are a set of numerical and time- bound targets to measure achievements in human and social development.

4. MDG GOALS Eradicate Extreme Poverty Achieve universal primary promote gender equality and empowerment of women Reduce child mortality Improve maternal health Combat HIV/AIDs, Malaria Ensure Environmental sustainability Global Partnership for development

5. MDGs analyzed (3) Promote gender equality and empower women (4) Reduce Child Mortality (5) Improve Maternal Health

6. The likelihood of attaining the MDGs not been usefully linked to the factors that influence MD indicators. This is necessary to address the question: what will it take to attain the MDGs? Or it is Meaningless in a large and heterogeneous country like India Limitations of the MDG discussion – India as a case

7. MDG Attainment in the Poor States of India The poorest states in India (e.g., Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Orissa, and Madhya Pradesh): are among the most populous in the country, and have among the worst MD indicators. Owing to more rapid population growth, these states will account for an even larger share of India’s population in 2015. Therefore, India’s attainment of MDGs will largely depend on the performance of these states.

8. Tremendous spatial variation in levels of & changes in MD indicators There are very large inter-state and intra-state variations in all MD indicators in India. For instance, the IMR for the country is 66 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. But it varies from a figure of 11 in Kerala to 90 in Orissa. Intra-state variations in infant mortality and in primary school enrollment rates are even greater, as seen in the following map.

9. Infant Mortality Rate, 1997-99

10. And there is a great deal intrastate variation in IMR decline as well, with some regions showing …

11. Geographic Concentration of MD indicators The wide disparity in MD indicators results in the geographical distribution of these indicators being heavily concentrated. This indicates the need for targeting MDG- related interventions to poorly-performing states, districts, and perhaps even villages (if these could be identified).

12. Case of infant mortality – Four states Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Bihar Rajasthan – Account for more than 50% of infant mortality in India

13. 51% 21%

14. Infant deaths are even more concentrated at the district and the village levels.

15. Only one-fifth of the districts and villages in the country account for one-half of all infant deaths …

16. … and more than half of all underweight children are found in only a quarter of all villages and districts in the country.

17. MDG attainment Clearly, attaining the MDGs will require action in the poorest states, districts and villages. How can it be done? What will it take?

18. General Interventions (Planning) Integrated services delivery for maternal and child Expanded adult male and female schooling Increased access to water & sanitation, nutrition Improved electricity coverage Increased access to roads, commn, info Good governance

19. Sectoral Interventions identified-(Public Services) Increased government spending on health and family welfare, nutrition, and elementary education Various sector-specific interventions, such as –More professionally-assisted deliveries –Antenatal care coverage and tetanus toxoid immunization for pregnant women –Nutrition supplements, immunization, growth monitoring –Increased number of primary schools per child aged 6-11 –Increased food grain production per capita.

20. What outputs can happen Large improvements in all the MD indicators are possible with concerted action in many areas. Both general and sector-specific interventions will be important in attaining the MDGs.

21. Summary Meeting the MDGs will be challenging, especially for the poor states in India. A number of interventions, including – economic growth – improved infrastructure (especially water and sanitation, electricity, and road access) – expansion of female schooling, and – scaling up of public spending on the social sectors will be needed in order to attain the MDGs.

22. Also important will be a number of sectoral interventions, such as – improved access to antenatal care – Immunization – nutritional supplementation – home-based neonatal services – increasing the density of schools – lowering the pupil-teacher ratio – raising agricultural production. Targeting interventions, public spending, and economic growth opportunities to the poor states and, within those, to the poor districts and villages will be critical.

23. Promoting Maternal Health Covering the mothers Below poverty line Serviced by the Child care workers before and after delivery 2.5 millions of child care workers are presently equal number is required if MDG to be achieved Paid poorly and part time workers with full time work-20 years of campaign by unions In one state the union was able to make them regular public employee – the state has significantly low Maternal mortality and IMR

24. On going Campaigns Alliances with the Child rights organizations- FORUM FOR CHILD CARE,SAFE MOTHERHOOD white ribbon alliance Increasing the investment in Nutrition Child health, Education Campaign to save the girls on November 14th

25. Maternity child care benefits- got by unions Maternity act available- with time to time changes Maternity benefits ( public sector, private sector, casual workers) – paid leave but different Deliveries at hospitals and charges paid by public and some private sectors Public, Private sector well covered by maternity protection Informal sector – act applies – but implementation is slow Contractual workers have problems availing due to hire and fire Incentives for small family norms Nursing breaks, extended leave upto 3 years (no pay) Paternal leave in the public sector with pay Celebration of National Children Day Govt of India Not ratified convention 183

26. Child care facilities in bigger and medium establishments Government run child care centers in the slum, rural areas especially in construction sites, schooling for children Part of the “Save Girl Child “Campaign

27. Challenges to the Trade unions Internal Trade union framework and mandate Inward looking objectives Limited Resources Lack of Tactical and strategical alliances External Political issues State specific Non consultations Bureaucracy driven schemes Limited scope for intervention in international funding All diplomatic issues and not simple

28. International focus – required Pressurizing the government of India on more investments in the public services (Education, health, nutrition, child care) vacancies of jobs to be filled upin order to provide quality public services Pay Equity /decent work for the Child care workers on the development agenda MDGs to be translated into more national legislations and inclusive, community participatory implementation Strong solidarity by International trade unions in the local campaigns

29. conclusion Workers in Southasia today have multiple difficulties forced by globalization without human concerns whatever gains made are threatened global solidarity for the threats of globalization quality public services + solidarity = MDGs attainemnt + sustainable development

30. conclusion We have made the journey together so far Many more miles ahead and we have to walk together for mutual strength