1. POPULATION Chapter 2 H. J. deBlij

2. Where in the World Do People Live and Why? Arithmetic population density: Measure of total population relative to land area

3. Where in the World Do People Live and Why? Arithmetic population density: Measure of total population relative to land area

4. Physiologic population density: Population per unit area of agriculturally productive land (takes this map into account )

6. On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people Population distribution Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live D

7. On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people Population distribution Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live A B C

8. Major World Population Clusters A. East Asia: ¼ of world population B. South Asia: Bound by the Himalayas to the north and a desert in Pakistan C. Europe: Population concentrated in cities D. North America: Megalopolis

9. Why Do Populations Rise or Fall in Particular Places? Thomas Malthus –An Essay on the Principles of Population (1798) –Population growing exponentially –Food supplies growing linearly What happened? –Expansion of food supply sources (globalization) –Increase in agricultural productivity (exponentially )

10. Number of years for a population to double in size (like a bank deposit at compound interest) Decreased doubling time (rapid growth), then increased doubling time (growth slowed down) Doubling Time Doubling time = 45 years Doubling time = 54 years

11. Difference between births and deaths Does not include immigration and emigration Rate of Natural Increase

12. Difference between births and deaths Does not include immigration and emigration Rate of Natural Increase

13. The average number of children per woman TFR needed to maintain the population size: 2.1 Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

14. The average number of children per woman TFR needed to maintain the population size: 2.1 Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

15. Population Growth in India Significant demographic variations within countries: Higher growth rates in northeastern India, lower rates in southeastern India

16. Population in India 1950s: Population planning program 1960s: National population planning program 1970s: Beginning of forced sterilization program for men with 3 or more children; 22.5 million men sterilized 2004: Beginning of guns-for-sterilization program in Uttar Pradesh Today: Use of advertising and persuasion to lower birth rates in most states

17. Number of births in a year per 1,000 people World Birth Rates

18. Number of births in a year per 1,000 people World Birth Rates

19. Number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people World Death (Mortality) Rates

20. Number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people World Death (Mortality) Rates

21. The Demographic Transition Changes in birth, death, and natural increase rates Decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates, resulting in a low or stable growth rate

22. The Demographic Transition

23. Stage 1: Low Growth High Birth/High Death Stage 2: Increasing Growth Death rates begin to fall Industrial Revolution Stage 3: Population Explosion Very low death rates, birth rates fall at slower rates Improved food supply

24. The Demographic Transition (Cont.) Stage 4: Decreasing Growth Lowering birth rate Opportunities for women Stage 5: Declining population Low birth and low death rate Women most educated and involved in workforce

25. Why Does Population Composition Matter? Components of population composition – Gender distribution – Age distribution Population pyramid: Graphic depiction of population by percentage in each age group, divided by gender

26. High infant mortality Short life expectancy Rapid population growth Population Pyramids for Poor Countries

27. Low infant mortality Long life expectancy, especially for females Little or no growth, even natural decrease Population Pyramids for Wealthy Countries

28. Deaths of babies less than one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a year World Infant Mortality

29. Deaths of babies less than one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a year

30. Infant Mortality in the United States

31. World Life Expectancy Number of years a person born now can expect to live

32. World Life Expectancy Number of years a person born now can expect to live

33. Mother’s Index Based on 10 barometers of well-being among mothers and children Strongly influenced by poverty and warfare

34. Mother’s Index Based on 10 barometers of well-being among mothers and children Strongly influenced by poverty and warfare

35. Diseases Sources of diseases –Infectious diseases: Spread from person to person Vectored: Spread through intermediary, such as an insect Nonvectored: Spread directly from person to person –Chronic or degenerative diseases: Diseases of old age –Genetic or inherited diseases: Passed through genes Spread of diseases –Endemic: Present in small area –Epidemic: Spreads over large region –Pandemic: Spreads worldwide

36. Causes of Death in the United States Chronic diseases reflecting longer life expectancies Decline in deaths from infectious diseases

37. HIV/AIDS Became worldwide concern in 1980s (but probably present in Africa before then) Infection long before symptoms appear Social stigma Many deaths among young adults Effect of AIDS on population structure of South Africa

38. AIDS Impact on Children Drawing by a Pokot boy in Kenya, showing him working in the fields and caring for cattle to assist sick family members Sparrow Rainbow Village, a hospice for child AIDS patients near Johannesburg, South Africa

39. How Do Governments Affect Population Change? Expansive population policies –Anti-capitalist ideologies (e.g., Maoist China, Soviet Union) –Combating declining birth rates, aging populations (e.g., Europe) Eugenic population policies (e.g., Nazi Germany) Restrictive population policies

40. The Case of China