1. HUMAN POPULATION

2. History Has grown slowly during most of earths history Has grown slowly during most of earths history Last 200 years, has experienced rapid exponential growth Last 200 years, has experienced rapid exponential growth J- shaped curve J- shaped curve S- shaped curve S- shaped curve

3. Exponential growth Carrying Capacity – number of organism that can be supported in a given area The earths population is growing at a very fast rate, currently at 1.14% per year. The earths population is growing at a very fast rate, currently at 1.14% per year.

4. Factors for the increase over history: Factors for the increase over history: 1. Ability to live in different habitats and or climate zones 2. Evolution of agriculture 3. Development of sanitary conditions, antibiotics, and vaccines 4. Discovery of fossil fuels

5. 5 most populous countries (2013) 1. China –1.35 billion 2. India – 1.2 billion 3. USA – 316 million 4. Indonesia – 251 million 5. Brazil – 200 million

6. Factors affecting population size 1. Number of births (birth rate) – number of live births per 1000 people in a given year 2. Number of deaths (death rate) – number of deaths “ “ 3. Migration (immigration or emigration)

7. Fertility – number of children born to a women during her lifetime Fertility – number of children born to a women during her lifetime Replacement-level fertility – number of children a couple must have to replace themselves Replacement-level fertility – number of children a couple must have to replace themselves Need to average 2.1 children per women for 50 years for population to level off. Need to average 2.1 children per women for 50 years for population to level off.

8. Factors affecting birth rates 1. Importance of children in the labor force. 2. Cost of raising and educating 3. Availability of private and public pension systems 4. Urbanization 5. Average age of marriage 6. Availability of reliable birth control methods

9. Factors affecting death rate 1. Increased food supplies 2. Better nutrition 3. Medical advances – immunization and antibiotics 4. Safe water and sanitation

10. Migration Immigration –movement in Emigration – movement out Why move???? Why move???? Jobs, economic improvements Jobs, economic improvements Religious persecution Religious persecution Ethnic conflicts Ethnic conflicts Wars Wars Environmental degradations (water shortage, erosion etc…) Environmental degradations (water shortage, erosion etc…)

11. Since 1820, the U.S. has admitted twice as many immigrants and refugees as all others combined. Since 1820, the U.S. has admitted twice as many immigrants and refugees as all others combined. Prior to 1960 – most immigrants came from Europe Prior to 1960 – most immigrants came from Europe After 1960 – most come from Latin America and Asia After 1960 – most come from Latin America and Asia Large push to reduce immigration Large push to reduce immigration One Reason – to reduce the nations enormous environmental problemsOne Reason – to reduce the nations enormous environmental problems

12. Age Structure Age structure – distribution of males and females in each age group in the worlds population Age structure – distribution of males and females in each age group in the worlds population Age structure graphs can have a rapid, slow, zero, and negative growth rate Age structure graphs can have a rapid, slow, zero, and negative growth rate

13. Expanding, Stable, Declining

16. 29 % of world population is 15 or younger 29 % of world population is 15 or younger More in developing countries than developed countries More in developing countries than developed countries This high level of youth fuels rapid population growth This high level of youth fuels rapid population growth The larger population of youth, the larger the adult population will be in the future The larger population of youth, the larger the adult population will be in the future This puts a strain on resources This puts a strain on resources Example – Rwanda 1950 -1993 – population tripled Example – Rwanda 1950 -1993 – population tripled Demand for fire wood, lead to burning of crops, lose of soil fertility, to less food Demand for fire wood, lead to burning of crops, lose of soil fertility, to less food

17. 1994 – President killed in plane crash 1994 – President killed in plane crash One ethnic group (Hutus) killed an est. 800,000 (Tutsi) in 100 days. One ethnic group (Hutus) killed an est. 800,000 (Tutsi) in 100 days.

18. Rapid population decline is also bad. Rapid population decline is also bad. Leads to economic and social problems Leads to economic and social problems Lose of workers for jobs and revenue from spending which has an effect on the economy Lose of workers for jobs and revenue from spending which has an effect on the economy This may also divide people This may also divide people

19. Solutions 1. Demographic transition – a hypothetical change in population As countries become industrialized, death rates, then birth rates drop As countries become industrialized, death rates, then birth rates drop 2. Family Planning – educational and clinical services that help potential parents Help with birth control, birth spacing, and health care Help with birth control, birth spacing, and health care

20. This prevents unplanned births and also abortions This prevents unplanned births and also abortions 3. Empowering women 3 keys 3 keys a. Education b. Paying jobs outside of the home c. No suppression of rights

21. FACTS Women make up half of the world population Women make up half of the world population Account for 2/3 of all hours worked Account for 2/3 of all hours worked Receive only 10% of worlds income Receive only 10% of worlds income Own less than 2% of the land Own less than 2% of the land Make up 70% of the poor Make up 70% of the poor Make up 60% of worlds illiterate adults Make up 60% of worlds illiterate adults

22. Urban Sprawl When growth of low density development on the edges of cities and towns gobbles up the surrounding country side When growth of low density development on the edges of cities and towns gobbles up the surrounding country side Example – Las Vegas, 1970-2004, population increased from 463,000 to 2 million and rising

24. Problem with Urban Sprawl 1. Loss of cropland, forests, wetlands 2. Increased soil erosion 3. Increased road kill 4. Weight gain 5. Air and water pollution 6. Increased runoff 7. Increased use of water and resources 8. Global warming 9. Increased flooding 10. Increased crime

26. U.S. Population Approximately 316,000,000 people Approximately 316,000,000 people U.S. makes up 4.5% of the world population, uses 25% of world resources, and creates 25% of the world waste U.S. makes up 4.5% of the world population, uses 25% of world resources, and creates 25% of the world waste 1790 – first census taken in the U.S. 1790 – first census taken in the U.S. Projected population in 2025 – 349,000,000 Projected population in 2025 – 349,000,000 2.1 lifetime births per women 2.1 lifetime births per women

27. 5 most populous cities in the U.S. 1. New York City 2. Los Angeles 3. Chicago 4. Houston 5. Philadelphia

29. U.S. Life Expectancy In the U.S. – 78 yrs of age In the U.S. – 78 yrs of age From 1970 to 2013 life expectancy rose from 70 yrs to 78 yrs. From 1970 to 2013 life expectancy rose from 70 yrs to 78 yrs. Currently –Women – 80 yrs Currently –Women – 80 yrs Men – 75 yrs

30. Case Study : CHINA Between 1972 and 2000 reduced birthrate from 5.7 to 1.8 Between 1972 and 2000 reduced birthrate from 5.7 to 1.8 HOW : instituted a “one child policy” that gave incentives such as: HOW : instituted a “one child policy” that gave incentives such as: 1. Extra food 2. Larger pension, salary bonuses 3. Better housing 4. Free health care and school tuition

31. Problems Increased forced abortions Increased forced abortions Female infanticide Female infanticide Sex imbalance in the country Sex imbalance in the country