1. Chapter World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved AP ® Seventh Edition World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Classical Civilizations in the Mediterranean and Middle East 5

2. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Chapter Overview I.The Persian Tradition II.Patterns of Greek History III.Patterns of Roman History IV.Greek and Roman Political Institutions V.Religion and Culture VI.Economy and Society in the Mediterranean VII.Toward the Fall of Rome

3. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Key Ideas: An Introduction Why did the Persian Empire grow larger than its predecessors? Evidence of Greek and Roman influence on America and Europe? Zoroastrianism? Political Rituals and portents: p 110

4. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Relief form the Audience Hall of PersepolisPersepolis A relief that once was the center part of the northern stairs shows king Darius on his throne, crown prince Xerxes behind him, two incense burners, and an important official, probably Pharnaces. He salutes the king, and announces the arrival of the tribute carriers, who are also represented on the wall near the stairs.reliefXerxesPharnaces

5. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Athenian Government

6. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Map Work Go to website, files for class to find the assignment. Due _______________.

7. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert FIGURE 5.1 This famous statue depicts Pheidippides, the Athenian soldier who, according to legend, ran 26 miles to bring his fellow citizens news of victory at the Battle of Marathon and died as he made the announcement. The 26-mile endurance run was named the "marathon" to commemorate Pheidippides's heroic feat.

8. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert TIMELINE 2000 B.C.E. –250 C.E.

9. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Organizing what we know Describe the key political traditions, features of the Persians Economically, what was the source of their wealth and sustenance? Socially, now where they organized? Culturally, what made them stand apart?

10. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Where to look Textbook http://www.flowofhistory.com/units/pre/2/FC15 http://www.ushistory.org/civ/4e.asp http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/books/b kf3/writing/02_empires.pdf http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/books/b kf3/writing/02_empires.pdf http://www.crystalinks.com/Achaemenid_Empire. html http://www.crystalinks.com/Achaemenid_Empire. html http://www.historydoctor.net/Advanced%20Place ment%20World%20History/Empires_of_persia.ht m http://www.historydoctor.net/Advanced%20Place ment%20World%20History/Empires_of_persia.ht m

11. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Describe the key political traditions, features of the Persians At least 5 features

12. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Economically, what was the source of their wealth and sustenance? At least 4 features

13. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Socially, now where they organized? At least 4 features

14. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Culturally, what made them stand apart?

15. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Cyrus the Great, 550 B.C.E. –Persian Empire –Political Styles  Tolerance for other cultures  Authoritarianism  Infrastructure, especially roads  Bureaucracy The Persian Tradition

16. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Map 5.1 The Persian Empire in Its Main Stages At its height the Persian empire stretched through much of the Middle East to the shores of the Mediterranean, into Egypt, and into the northeast part of the Indian subcontinent.

17. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert The Persian Tradition Zoroastrianism –Zoroaster (c. 630–550 B.C.E. ) –Individual salvation –Monotheism –Magi, priests –Great influence

18. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert The Persian Tradition Later Persian Empire –Dominated Middle East  Conquests into Africa and Indian subcontinent –Conquered by Alexander the Great

19. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert FIGURE 5.2 Using ceremonial styles similar to those of earlier Mesopotamia, the Persian empire celebrated its powerful kings. This wall relief is on the great ceremonial stairway leading to the royal audience hall of Darius and Xerxes.

20. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pomp and Ceremony http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/ SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/history/MHL/W W/closer_looks2/CL_9/web/CL_9.html http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/ SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/history/MHL/W W/closer_looks2/CL_9/web/CL_9.html

21. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert FIGURE 5.3 Persians established a distinct artistic tradition including fine craftwork, as shown in this chariot.

22. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Patterns of Greek History City-States, 800–600 B.C.E. –Common culture –Some periods of unity, cooperation Domination of Sparta and Athens, 500– 449 B.C.E. –High point of Greek culture Fifth Century B.C.E. –Pericles dominates Athenian politics –Peloponnesian Wars (431–404 B.C.E.)

23. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Map 5.2 Greece and Greek Colonies of the World, c. 431 B.C.E. On the eve of the Peloponnesian War, Greek civilization had spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean.

24. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Patterns of Greek History The Hellenistic Period –Philip II of Macedonia  Defeats Greeks, 338 B.C.E –Alexander the Great  Extends empire –Period of merging of cultures

25. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Map 5.3 Alexander’s Empire and the Hellenistic World, c. 323 B.C.E. Note the movement through Persia and other parts of the northern Middle East, and into the Indian subcontinent and North Africa.

26. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Patterns of Roman History Roman republic from 509 B.C.E. –Military emphasis –Punic Wars, against Carthage (264–146 B.C.E.)  Hannibal

27. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Map 5.4 The Expansion of the Roman Republic, 133 B.C.E. By the end of the Punic Wars, Rome dominated much of the Mediterranean world.

28. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Patterns of Roman History Empire –Julius Caesar victory over rivals, 45 B.C.E. –Augustus Caesar, rules from 27 B.C.E. –Empire strong until about 180 C.E. –Renewed vigor under Diocletian, Constantine  Constantine's conversion to Christianity

29. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert The Classical Civilizations in Comparative Perspective Each classical civilization distinctively defined the position of the lowest orders. Different elite values –India: priests; little mobility unless wealthy –China: bureaucrats; education –Mediterranean: aristocrats; money Differing community bonds for a sense of common purpose

30. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Greek and Roman Political Institutions Greece –The Polis –Athens  Direct democracy  The assembly  Lottery for positions  Citizen body a minority of the population –Most city states were oligarchies  Aristocratic assemblies  Sparta

31. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Greek and Roman Political Institutions Rome –Balance –Senate  Dominated by aristocrats –Consuls –Dictator

32. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Greek and Roman Political Institutions Political Theory in Ancient Greece and Rome –Duties of citizens, political ethics, oratory –Participation stressed –Comparison of the merits of different forms –Romans developed law code  Twelve Tables, by 450 B.C.E.  Law comes to take the place of fathers  Spread of code to empire, and citizenship

33. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Greek and Roman Political Institutions Roles of Government –Public works  Help to unite empire –Maintaining law courts, police power –Official religion

34. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Religion and Culture Religious Values –Religion largely concerned with the here and now –Mystery religions offered a more spiritual approach –Division between elite and popular belief

35. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert FIGURE 5.4 After murdering his wife and children, Hercules, who became the Greeks’ greatest mythical hero, was sentenced to perform 12 tasks that would have been impossible for most mortals. This vase depicts the fourth labor of Hercules, in which he was ordered to capture the Erymanthian boar and bring it to his master, Eurystheus. The frightened Eurystheus has hidden in a wine jar. (Copyright The British Museum.)

36. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Religion and Culture Philosophy –Provided a system of ethical behavior –Aristotle, Cicero  Stressed balance –Stoics stress inner life

37. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Religion and Culture Science and Philosophy –Socrates  Encouraged questioning –Speculation on the physical world  Theories about the universe, the nature of matter –Mathematics, especially geometry –Hellenistic period  More empirical work in physics  Euclid, Galen

38. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Religion and Culture The Arts –Drama: comedy and tragedy  Balance between virtue and emotions  Sophocles, Oedipus Rex –Epics, the Iliad, Odyssey –Architecture  Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian styles –Roman engineering, athleticism

39. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert FIGURE 5.5 This is an artist’s recreation of the Forum in imperial times. The use of decorative styles that originated in classical Greece was a central feature of Roman architecture, but as the empire grew, buildings became steadily more massive. Larger columns and greater heights reflected the Roman taste for the monumental. Ultimately, Roman architects also developed the capacity to build domed structures—a feat of engineering. (Hypothetical reconstruction of the Roman Forum in Imperial Times. Southern part. Watercolor. Soprintendenza alle Antichita, Rome, Italy/Scala/Art Resource, NY.)

40. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert FIGURE 5.6 This mosaic from the city of Ravenna depicts the Last Supper, which took place on the night before Jesus was crucified. According to Christian belief, at this supper Jesus broke bread and drank wine with his disciples, teaching them the ritual of the Eucharist. Mosaic designs like this one were common in Roman buildings, often inlaid into floors and depicting both secular and religious scenes. The mosaic tradition continued in the Eastern empire, mainly used there to depict Christian figures, becoming ever more elegant and richly detailed.

41. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert VISUALIZING THE PAST Political Rituals in Persia

42. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Economy and Society in the Mediterranean Agriculture and Trade –Constant trend to market farming  Grapes, olives  Led to trade  Grain from Egypt –Merchants  Legally respected  Not socially esteemed

43. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Economy and Society in the Mediterranean Slavery –From conquest –Becomes a motive for expansion –Technological innovation in farming lacking  Unfavorable trade balance with eastern Asia

44. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Economy and Society in the Mediterranean Family –Patriarchal –Women have economic role  Some women active in commerce  Women could own property Pressing the Environment –Deforestation –Air pollution –Garbage

45. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP ® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Toward the Fall of Rome A Complex Legacy –Enduring ideas –No polities –Comparison to contemporary North America –Direct and indirect  Consciously imitated, revived  Mingled with Middle Eastern legacy Persia's separate identity