2. THORACIC LIMB Joy Daniel Mina Alyaa Farhana Afina Tira Murshidah Cid Fika

3. BONES OF THORACIC LIMB

4. LATERAL VIEW MEDIAL VIEW

5. SCAPULAR CARTILAGE DORSAL BORDER CAUDAL ANGLE INFRASPINOU S FOSSA CAUDAL BORDER SCAPULAR TUBER VENTRAL ANGLE CRANIAL BORDER SUPRAGLENOID TUBERCLE SCAPULAR SPINE SUPRASPINOUS FOSSA CRANIAL BORDER

6. CRANIAL ANGLE CRANIAL BORDER SERRATED SURFACE SCAPULAR NOTCH NECK OF SCAPULA SUPRAGLENOID TUBERCLE CAUDAL ANGLE SUBSCAPULAR FOSSA SCAPULAR CARTILAGE CAUDAL BORER VENTRAL ANGLE

7. LATERAL VIEW MEDIAL VIEW

8. CRANIAL VIEW RADIAL FOSSA BODY OF HUMERUS LATERAL EPICONDYLE HUMERAL CONDYLE MAJOR TUBERCLE (CRANIAL) TERES MINOR TUBEROSITY NECK OF HUMERUS MAJOR TUBERCLE (CAUDAL)

9. HEAD OF HUMERUS NECK OF HUMERUS BODY OF HUMERUS RADIAL FOSSA LATERAL SUPRACONDYLAR CREST LATERAL VIEW LATERAL EPICONDYLE MAJOR TUBERCLE DELTOID TUBEROSITY

10. MEDIAL VIEW

11. ULNA -IS PLACED CAUDAL TO THE RADIUS RADIUS -IS A ROD-SHAPED BONE

12. CARPAL BONE CARPAL BONE ARE ARRANGED IN TWO ROWS: CARPAL BONE PRESENT DIFFERENCES IN THE DIFFERENT SPECIES: ~ HUMAN AND PIG- 8 CARPAL BONE ~ HORSE HAS 7 OR 8 CARPAL BONES, DEPEND ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF THE FIRST CARPAL BONE ~ CARNIVORES- RADIAL AND INTERMEDIATE CARPAL BONES ARE FUSED, SO THE TOTAL NUMBERS OF CARPAL BONES IS REDUCED TO 7 ~ RUMINANTS HAVE 6 CARPAL BONES, THE FIRST CARPAL BONES IS MISSING AND THE SECOND ANDTHIRD CARPAL BONES ARE FUSED TOGETHER.

19. Thoracic Limb - Muscles

20. DefinitionsDefinitions Origin : The point at which something comes into existence or from which it derives or is derived. Insertion : The act of putting one thing into another Function or Action : The way in which something works or moves.

21. Origin: Outer surface of front portion of scapula and adjacent cartilage Insertion: Inner and outer front corners of top of humerus Function: Extends the shoulder joint to advance the limb.

22. Origin : Outer surface of rear portion of scapula and adjacent cartilage. Insertion: Outer side of top of humerus. Function: Pulls the limb away from body; rotates arm outward

23. Deltoideus Origin: 1)Acromial portion: Acromion and along the spine for a short distance. 2)Scapular portion: Spine of the scapula and partly into the rear edge of the bony scapula. Insertion: One third of the way down on the outside of the humerus. The scapular portion also inserts onto the surface of the lateral head of the triceps. Function: Flexes shoulder joint, pulling away the limb from the body

24. Origin: Upper third of the rear surface of humerus Insertion: Inner side of radius to the top, slightly below and to the inside of the biceps muscle Function: Flexes the elbow joint

25. Origin: Bony prominence on the front of the lower end of the scapula. Insertion: 1. Inner front corner of the top of the radius. 2. Ligament on the inside of the elbow. 3. By a special long tendinous extension, into the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis muscle (and therefore indirectly into the front of the metacarpal bone). Action: Flexes the elbow joint; extends the shoulder joint (and locks the shoulder in place when the animal is in the standing position).

26. Origin: Long head: Most or all of the rear border of the scapula. Lateral head: Curved ridge on upper outer surface of the humerus. Insertion: Side and top of the olecranon of the humerus (point of the elbow). Action: Long head: Both extends the elbow joint and flexes the shoulder joint. Lateral head: Extends the elbow joint only.

27. Origin: Lower third of humerus Insertion: A line of outer surface of the end of the ulna. Function: Extends the elbow joint.

28. Origin: Bony ridge on the outside lower third of humerus Insertion: Top of front space of metacarpal bone Function: Extends and locks the wrist joint, flexes the elbow joint.

29. Origin: From lower end of the humerus. Insertion: Upper edge of the front of the two lower toe bones of outer digits. Functions: Extends all outer toe joints, flexes the elbow joint.

30. Ulnaris lateralis Origin: Outer surface of lower end of humerus, behind the elbow joint ligament. Insertion: Top of the outer surface of the single metacarpal bone. Function: Flexes the wrist joint ; extends the elbow joint

31. Extensor Carpi Obliquus Origin : lower half of the outer surface of the radius and an adjacent area on the ulna. Insertion : inner side of the upper end of the metacarpal bone. Action : extends the carpal joint.

32. Origin : lower end of the inner surface of the humerus. Insertion : upper inner corner of the metacarpal bone. Action : flexes the wrist joint ; extends the elbow joint.

33. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Origin : lower end of the inside surface of the humerus ; inner surface, towards the rear, of the upper end of the ulna. Insertion : upper edge end of the ulna Action: flexes the wrist joint ; extends the elbow joint.

34. JOINTS OF THE THORACIC LIMB

35. NAME BONES INVOLVED TYPE OF JOINT FUNCTIONREMARKS SHOULDER JOINT GLENOID CAVITY OF SCAPULA AND HEAD OF HUMERUS SIMPLE SPHEROIDA L RESTRICTE D TO FLEXION AND EXTENSION INFRASPINATUS AND SUBSCAPULARIS ACT AS CONTRACTILE LIGAMENTS

36.  The shoulder joint is a typical SPHEROIDAL JOINT in structure & theoretically have a versatility of movement.  Its actual range of movement is limited by the surrounding muscles.  It therefore functions as a HINGE JOINT with the primary movements being flexion & extension.  Rotation, adduction, & abduction are restricted, but possible especially in carnivores,in which abduction of 60°,pronation of 35° & supination of 45° is possible. (eg : in the horse, lateral n medial movements are almost impossible due to the cylindrical shape of the humeral head.)

40. JOINT OF THORACIC LIMB-ELBOW JOINT

41. ELBOW JOINT  JOINT IS A POINT OF ARTICULATION BETWEEN 2 OR MORE BONES,ESPECIALLY SUCH A CONNECTION THAT ALLOW MOVEMENT.  HUMERUS,RADIUS AND ULNA JOIN TO FORM THE ELBOW JOINT.  LIGAMENT ARE PRESENT IN THE ELBOW JOINT.

42. NameBone involvedType of jointFunction a)Humeroulnar articulation Condyle of humerus and ulna Simple hinge joint Flexion and extension b)Humeroulnar articulation Condyle of humerus and head of humerus Simple hinge joint Flexion and extension c)Proximal radioulnar articulation Articulator circumference notch of ulna Simple pivot joint No movement

45. Carpal Joint Ulnacarpal and Radiocarpal joints Middle Carpal joints Intercarpal Joint Carpometacarpal Joints

46. Antebrachiocarpal joint Consist of radiocarpal joint and ulnacarpal joint Horsehinge Carnivorseellipsoidal Ruminantscochlear

47. Middle carpal joints Hinge joint Formed between proximal and distal carpal bones Middle carpal joints Firm articulation Have very limited range of movement

48. Carpometacarpal joints Between distal carpal bones and metacarpal bones (plane joints) LIGAMENTS: ◦ Long lateral and medial collateral ligaments ◦ Short ligament (joining neighbouring bones of the same row or adjacent rows)

49. Long lateral collateral ligament ◦ Connect to the lateral metacarpal bone ◦ Has 2 deep branches : ulnar carpal bone and fourth carpal bone Long medial colllateral ligament ◦ Medial styloid process of the radius and the proximal extremity of the medial metacarpal

50. Short ligament ◦ Vertical ◦ Horizontal ◦ short

58. Thank You