2. A View of Egypt by Satellite

4. Development of African Agriculture Sahara desert originally highly fertile region Western Sudan region nomadic herders, c. 9000 BCE –Domestication of cattle c. 7500 BCE –Later, cultivation of sorghum, yams, increasingly diverse Widespread desiccation of the Sahara c. 5000 BCE

5. The Gift of the Nile Gradual, predictable flooding –Inundation (July-October) –Sprouting –Summer Communication: –Nubia-Egypt Current: north Winds: south –Sub-Saharan Africa- Mesopotamia Increased in importance w/ desiccation of Sahara

6. The Delta & The Cataracts The Nile Valley, 3000-2000 BCE

7. Early Agriculture in Nile Valley 10,000 BCE migrants from Red Sea hills (northern Ethiopia) –Introduce collection of wild grains, language roots of Coptic 5000 BCE Sudanic cultivators, herders migrate to Nile river valley Adaptation to seasonal flooding of Nile through construction of dikes, waterways –Villages dot Nile by 4000 BCE

8. The Annual Flooding of the Nile

9. Impact on Political Organization As in Mesopotamia a need for formal organization of public affairs Need to maintain order and organize community projects Egypt: simple, local irrigation projects Rural rather than heavily urban development Trade networks develop

10. The Fertile Nile Valley

11. Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

12. Ancient Egyptian History PeriodsTime Frame Nile Culture Begins4000 B. C. E. Archaic3100 – 2650 B. C. E. Old Kingdom2650 – 2134 B. C. E. Middle Kingdom2040 – 1640 B. C. E. New Kingdom1550 – 1070 B. C. E. Late Period750 – 332 B. C. E. Greek Ptolemaic Era 332 – 30 B. C. E. Roman Period30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.

13. Unification of Egypt Legendary conqueror Menes, c. 3100 unifies Egyptian kingdom –Sometimes identified with/as Narmer –Tradition: founder of Memphis, cultural and political center of ancient Egypt –Instituted the rule of the Pharaoh Claimed descent from the gods Absolute rulers, had slaves buried with them from 2600 BCE Most powerful during Archaic Period (3100-2660 BCE) and Old Kingdom (2660-2160 BCE)

14. Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt c. 3050 B. C. E. ?

15. The Pyramids Symbols of the pharaoh ’ s authority and divine status A testimony of the pharaohs ’ ability to marshal Egypt ’ s resources Largest Khufu (Cheops) 2.3 million limestone blocks w/ average weight of 2.5 tons Role: burial chambers for Pharaohs

16. Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

17. The Valley of the Kings

18. Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

19. “Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

20. The Great Sphinx

21. Valley of the Kings View of the central East Valley

22. The Valley of the Kings

23. Relations with Nubia Competition over Nile trade Military conflict between 3100-2600 BCE Drives Nubians to the south –Established Kingdom of Kush, c. 2500 BCE Trade, cultural influences continue despite military conflict

24. The New Kingdom Few pyramids, but major monumental architectural projects Engaged in empire- building to protect against foreign invasion Local resistance drives Egypt out of Nubia Kingdom of Kush revives c. 1100 BCE Invasions of Kushites, Assyrians destroy Egypt mid 6 th century BCE Imperial Egypt, 1400 BCE

25. Egyptian Urban Culture Major cities along Nile river, especially at delta –Memphis c. 3100 BCE, Heliopolis c. 2900 BCE Nubian cities include Kerma, Napata, Mero ë –Located at cataracts of the Nile Well-defined social classes –Pharaohs to slaves –Archaeological discoveries in Nubia also support class-based society –Patriarchal societies, notable exceptions: female Pharaoh Hatshepsut (r. 1473-1458 BCE)

26. Egyptian Social Hierarchy

27. Egyptian Nobility

28. Egyptian Priestly Class

29. Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Homes Peasant Homes

30. Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life

31. Making Ancient Egyptian Beer

32. Making Ancient Egyptian Wine

33. An Egyptian Woman’s “Must- Haves” Perfume Whigs Mirror

34. Economic Specialization Bronze metallurgy introduced late, with Hyksos invasion Development of iron early, c. 900 BCE Trade along Nile river –More difficult in Nubia due to cataracts –Sea trade in Mediterranean

35. Hieroglyphs “ Holy Inscriptions ” –Writing appeared at least by 3200 BCE –Pictographic supplemented with symbols representing sounds and ideas –Survives on monuments, buildings and sheets of papyrus –Hieroglyphs for formal writing, hieratic script for everyday affairs used from 2600 BCE – 600 CE –Adopts Greek alphabet – demotic and Coptic scripts Meroitic writing - flexible system borrowed from hieroglyphs, represents sounds rather than ideas

36. Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols

37. Hieroglyphic “Cartouche”

38. Champollion & the Rosetta Stone

39. Egyptian Scribe

40. Papyrus  Paper Papyrus Plant Hieratic Scroll Piece Papyrus plant growing in a garden, Australia Egyptian Papyrus Drawing

41. Development of Organized Religious Traditions Principal gods Amon and Re Religious tumult under Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) (r. 1364-1347 BCE) –Introduces sole worship of sun god Aten –One of the world ’ s earliest expressions of Monotheism Death of Akhenaten, traditional priest restore the cult of Amon-Re to privileged status

42. Ankhenaton: First Monotheist?

43. Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) Akhenaten was the only pharaoh to try and introduce the idea of monotheism to the polytheistic Egyptians. Because he predated Zoroaster by approximately 700 years, he is considered the first monotheist. The one god he believed in was the sun, represented by Aton, god of the sun disc.

44. Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: “The Sacred ‘Trinity’” Osiris Isis Horus

45. Mummification and the Afterlife Inspiration of the cycles of the Nile Belief in the revival of the dead –First: ruling classes only, later expanded to include lower classes Cult of Osiris –Lord of the underworld –Power to determine who deserved immortality –Held out hope of eternal reward for those who lived moral lives Nubian worship of Apedemak and Sebiumeker

46. The Final Judgement Anubis Horus Osiris

47. Preparations for the Underworld Priests protected your KA, or soul- spirit ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

48. Preparation for the Afterlife

49. Egyptian Mummies Seti I 1291-1278 B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E.

50. Journey to the Underworld A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb. The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”

51. Egyptian Book of the Dead

52. Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

53. King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask 1336-1327 B. C. E.

54. King Tutankhamon

55. King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

56. Treasures From Tut’s Tomb

57. The Valley of the Queens Temple of Queen Hatshepsut 1473-1458 B. C. E.

58. The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life

59. Queen Nefertiti

60. Abu Simbel: Monument to Ramses II 1279-1213 B. C. E.

62. Canopic Jars The four sons of Horus: the jackal-headed jar represented the east, contained the stomach, the falcon-headed jar representing the west, contained the intestines, the baboon-headed jar representing the north, contained the lungs, the human-headed jar representing the south, contained the liver.

63. Hapshepsut The first female pharaoh, Hapshepsut, came to power after the death of her husband. Hapshetsut was a strong ruler who expanded trade with new areas and continued to build Egypt’s defense. Because there had been no female rulers before, she felt the need to dress as a man, and even wear a false beard as pharaohs would often do.

64. Ramses II After King Tut, only Ramses II would rise to be a strong pharaoh. Under Ramses there was a new increase in the building of temples and monuments. It is believed that Ramses is the pharaoh that allowed Moses to lead the Hebrews out of Egypt. He had 48-50 sons and 40- 53 daughters.

65. The New Kingdom (1600 BCE - 1100) Egyptian pharaohs of this period expand into the Levant Greatest rulers,Ramses II, Thutmosis III, Queen Hatshepsut, Women had slightly more power than in Mesopotamia Assyrians and other hyksos (foreigners) will vie for power until Alexander conquers in 330 Descendents of general Ptolemy will rule for three centuries until Rome annexed Egypt under Caesar (48 BCE)

66. Bantu Migrations, 3000-1000 BCE Bantu: “ people ” Migration throughout sub-Saharan regions –Population pressures Over 500 variations of original Bantu language –90 million speakers By 1000 BCE, occupied most of Africa south of the equator

67. Bantu Migrations, 2000 BCE-1000 CE

68. Bantu Migration

69. Aswan High Dam Aswan High Dam (NASA satellite photo) The hydroelectric power station of Aswan Dam

70. Bantu Religions Evidence of early monotheism Deistic views as well –Prayers to intercessors, e.g. ancestor spirits Great variations among populations