1. Introduction Dr. Baker Abdalhaq

2. The Internet The Internet definition ● The Internet is the worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). ● It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller – domestic, – Academic, – business, – and government networks,

3. ● which together carry various information and services, such as – electronic mail, – online chat, – file transfer, – and the interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web.

4. ● Types of Internet communication – Email – Instant messaging – Internet Relay Chat (IRC) – File transfer – Telnet – Usenet newsgroups – World Wide Web

5. ● E-mail is a store-and-forward method of writing, sending, receiving and saving messages over electronic communication systems. ● Instant Messaging (IM) is a form of real-time communication between two or more people based on typed text. The text is conveyed via computers connected over a network such as the Internet.

6. ● Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a form of real-time Internet chat or synchronous conferencing. It is mainly designed for group communication in discussion forums called channels, but also allows one-to-one communication via private message, as well as chat and data transfers via Direct Client-to-Client. ● File transfer protocol: A protocol for file transfer or file transfer protocol is a convention or standard that controls or enables the transfer of files between two computing endpoints.

7. ● TELNET (TELecommunication NETwork) is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area network (LAN) connections. It was developed in 1969 beginning with RFC 15 and standardized as IETF STD 8, one of the first Internet standards. ● Usenet, a portmanteau of "user" and "network", is a world-wide distributed Internet discussion system. It evolved from the general purpose UUCP architecture of the same name.

8. ● A newsgroup is a repository usually within the Usenet system, for messages posted from many users at different locations.

9. The World Wide Web ● The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a Web browser, a user views Web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigates between them using hyperlinks.

10. ● A Web page or webpage is a resource of information that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser. This information is usually in HTML or XHTML format, and may provide navigation to other web pages via hypertext links.

11. ● web browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact with text, images, videos, music and other information typically located on a Web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network. Text and images on a Web page can contain hyperlinks to other Web pages at the same or different website. Web browsers allow a user to quickly and easily access information provided on many Web pages at many websites by traversing these links. Web browsers format HTML information for display, so the appearance of a Web page may differ between browsers.

12. ● An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a numerical identification that is assigned to devices participating in a computer network utilizing the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes ● Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a communications protocol for the transfer of information on the intranet and the World Wide Web. Its original purpose was to provide a way to publish and retrieve hypertext pages over the Internet.

13. ● The World Wide Web was created in 1989 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, working at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland and released in 1992. ● Since then, Berners-Lee has played an active role in guiding the development of Web standards (such as the markup languages in which Web pages are composed), and in recent years has advocated his vision of a Semantic Web.

14. Web Building ● Every Web developer has to know the building blocks of the Web: – * HTML 4.01 – * The use of CSS (style sheets) – * XHTML – * XML and XSLT – * Client side scripting – * Server side scripting – * Managing data with SQL – * The future of the Web

15. HTML 4.01 ● With HTML 4.01 all formatting can be moved out of the HTML document and into a separate style sheet. ● HTML 4.01 is also important because XHTML 1.0 (the latest HTML standard) is HTML 4.01 "reformulated" as an XML application. Using HTML 4.01 in your pages makes the future upgrade from HTML to XHTML a very simple process.

16. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) ● Styles define how HTML elements are displayed ● Styles are normally saved in files external to HTML documents. ● External style sheets enable you to change the appearance and layout of all the pages in your Web, just by editing a single CSS document.

17. XHTML - The Future of HTML ● XHTML stands for Extensible HyperText Markup Language.

18. XML - A Tool for Describing Data ● he Extensible Markup Language (XML) is NOT a replacement for HTML. ● In future Web development, XML will be used to describe and carry the data, while HTML will be used to display the data. ● Our best description of XML is as a cross- platform, software- and hardware-independent tool for storing and transmitting information. ● We believe that XML is as important to the Web as HTML was to the foundation of the Web and that XML will be the most common tool for all data manipulation and data transmission.

19. XSLT - A Tool for Transforming Data ● XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) is a language for transforming XML. ● Future Web sites will have to deliver data in different formats, to different browsers, and to other Web servers. To transform XML data into different formats ● XSLT can transform an XML file into a format that is recognizable to a browser. ● One such format is HTML. Another format is WML - the mark-up language used in many handheld devices.

20. ● XSLT can also add elements, remove, rearrange and sort elements, test and make decisions about which elements to display, and a lot more.

21. Client-Side Scripting ● Client-side scripting is about "programming" the behavior of an Internet browser. To be able to deliver more dynamic web site content, ● JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming tool ● JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page ● JavaScript can react to events ● JavaScript can read and write HTML elements

22. ● JavaScript can be used to validate data

23. Server-Side Scripting ● Server-side scripting is about "programming" an Internet server. – * Dynamically edit, change, or add any content of a Web page – * Respond to user queries or data submitted from HTML forms – * Access any data or databases and return the results to a browser – * Access any files or XML data and return the results to a browser – * Transform XML data to HTML data and return the results to a browser

24. – * Customize a Web page to make it more useful for individual users – * Provide security and access control to different Web pages – * Tailor your output to different types of browsers – * Minimize the network traffic

25. Managing Data with SQL ● The Structured Query Language (SQL) is the common standard for accessing databases such as SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, and Access. ● Knowledge of SQL is invaluable for anyone wanting to store or retrieve data from a database. ● Any webmaster should know that SQL is the true engine for interacting with databases on the Web.

26. Browsers ● Explorer Internet Explorer – Internet Explorer (IE) by Microsoft is the most common Internet browser today. IE was introduced in 1995 and passed Netscape in popularity in 1998. ● Netscape Netscape – Netscape was the first commercial Internet browser. It was introduced in 1994. Netscape gradually lost its popularity to Internet Explorer..

27. ● Mozilla Mozilla – The Mozilla Project has grown from the ashes of Netscape. Browsers based on Mozilla code is the second largest browser family on the Internet today, representing about 30% of the Internet community. ● Firefox Firefox – Firefox is a new browser from Mozilla. It was released in 2004 and has grown to be the second most popular browser on the Internet. ● Opera Opera – Opera is another Internet browser. It is known to be fast and small, standards-compliant, and available for many operating systems. Opera is the preferred browser for a number of small devices like mobile phones and hand-held computers

28. 2007 IE7 IE6 IE5 Fx Moz S O June 19.7% 37.3% 1.5% 34.0% 1.4% 1.3% 1.8%

29. Introduction to TCP/IP ● TCP/IP is the communication protocol for communication between computers connected to the Internet. ● TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol.

30. TCP/IP Addressing ● TCP Uses a Fixed Connection – TCP is for communication between applications. ● IP Addresses – Each computer must have an IP address before it can connect to the Internet. ● An IP Address Contains 4 Numbers. ● Domain Names – 12 digit numbers are hard to remember. Using a name is easier.

31. TCP/IP Protocols ● TCP - Transmission Control Protocol – TCP is used for transmission of data from an application to the network. ● IP - Internet Protocol – IP takes care of the communication with other computers. ● HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol – HTTP takes care of the communication between a web server and a web browser.

32. ● HTTPS - Secure HTTP – HTTPS takes care of secure communication between a web server and a web browser. ● SSL - Secure Sockets Layer – The SSL protocol is used for encryption of data for secure data transmission. ● SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol – SMTP is used for transmission of e-mails.

33. ● MIME - Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions – The MIME protocol lets SMTP transmit multimedia files including voice, audio, and binary data across TCP/IP networks. ● IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol – IMAP is used for storing and retrieving e-mails. ● POP - Post Office Protocol – POP is used for downloading e-mails from an e- mail server to a personal computer.

34. ● FTP - File Transfer Protocol – FTP takes care of transmission of files between computers. ● NTP - Network Time Protocol – NTP is used to synchronize the time (the clock) between computers. ● DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol – DHCP is used for allocation of dynamic IP addresses to computers in a network.

35. ● SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol – SNMP is used for administration of computer networks. ● LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol – LDAP is used for collecting information about users and e-mail addresses from the internet. ● ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol – ICMP takes care of error handling in the network. ● ARP - Address Resolution Protocol – ARP is used by IP to find the hardware address of a computer network card based on the IP address.

36. ● RARP - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol – RARP is used by IP to find the IP address based on the hardware address of a computer network card. ● BOOTP - Boot Protocol – BOOTP is used for booting (starting) computers from the network. ● PPTP - Point to Point Tunneling Protocol – PPTP is used for setting up a connection (tunnel) between private networks.

37. What is CSS? ● CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets ● Styles define how to display HTML elements ● Styles are normally stored in Style Sheets ● Styles were added to HTML 4.0 to solve a problem ● External Style Sheets can save you a lot of work ● External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files ● Multiple style definitions will cascade into one

38. Introduction to RSS ● What is RSS? – RSS stands for Really Simple Syndication – RSS allows you to syndicate your site content – RSS defines an easy way to share and view headlines and content – RSS files can be automatically updated – RSS allows personalized views for different sites – RSS is written in XML

39. ● Why use RSS? – RSS was designed to show selected data. ● RSS is useful for web sites that are updated frequently, like: – News sites - Lists news with title, date and descriptions – Companies - Lists news and new products – Calendars - Lists upcoming events and important days – Site changes - Lists changed pages or new pages

40. How RSS Works ● RSS is used to share content between websites. ● With RSS, you register your content with companies called aggregators. ● So, to be a part of it: – First, create an RSS document and save it with an.xml extension. – Then, upload the file to your website. – Next, register with an RSS aggregator. – Each day the aggregator searches the registered websites for RSS documents, verifies the link, and displays information about the feed so clients can link to documents that interests them.

41. An Example RSS document W3Schools Home Page http://www.w3schools.com Free web building tutorials RSS Tutorial http://www.w3schools.com/rss New RSS tutorial on W3Schools XML Tutorial http://www.w3schools.com/xml New XML tutorial on W3Schools

42. The next line contains the element. This element is used to describe the RSS feed. The element has three required child elements: * - Defines the title of the channel (e.g. W3Schools Home Page) * - Defines the hyperlink to the channel (e.g. http://www.w3schools.com) * - Describes the channel (e.g. Free web building tutorials) Each element can have one or more elements. Each element defines an article or "story" in the RSS feed. The element has three required child elements: * - Defines the title of the item (e.g. RSS Tutorial) * - Defines the hyperlink to the item (e.g. http://www.w3schools.com/rss) * - Describes the item (e.g. New RSS tutorial on W3Schools)

43. The Element The child element is used to specify a category for your feed. The element makes it possible for RSS aggregators to group sites based on category. The category for the RSS document above could be: Web development

44. The Element The child element allows an image to be displayed when aggregators present a feed. The element has three required child elements: * - Defines the URL to the image * - Defines the text to display if the image could not be shown * - Defines the hyperlink to the website that offers the channel The image for the RSS document above could be: http://www.w3schools.com/images/logo.gif W3Schools.com http://www.w3schools.com

45. The Element The child element is used to specify the language used to write your document. The element makes it possible for RSS aggregators to group sites based on language. The language for the RSS document above could be: en-us