1. Hamid, Salman AP World History Per. 1 Decolonization (Dana Stone/stockphoto.com)

2. New Nations in South and Southeast Asia After the partition in 1947 Pakistan was strikingly dissimilar, than India(Bulliet pg. 831). Pakistan was led mainly by military leaders, while India was a secular republic led by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru(Bulliet pg. 832). War between India and Pakistan broke out in 1947 over Kashmir; the war though ended in a truce(Spodek pg. 704). The Japanese surprisingly supported anti-British Indian nationalists, so they encouraged the dreams of some anticolonialists in the countries they had occupied(Bulliet pg. 832). In the Dutch Indies, Achmad Sukarno cooperated with the Japanese hoping that the Dutch who had dominated this region, would never return, which led to Dutch withdrawal in 1949, and Sukarno became the dictator of this underdeveloped island Indonesia, until 1965(www.Indosuk.com/history). Elsewhere in the region the British granted independence to Burma in 1948, and in 1946 the U.S. kept its promise of postwar independence for the Philippine Islands but retained close economic ties and leases on military bases(Spodek pg.665). India-Pakistani War of 1947 (Bettmen, Corbis) New York: Co.

3. The Struggle for Independence in Africa The postwar French government were determined to hold on to Algeria, from gaining its independence(Bulliet pg. 832). In 1954 the Algerian revolutionary organization, the Front de Liberation National, as supported by Egypt and other Arab countries acting on the principle that all Arabs should be able to choose their governments(http://www.onwar.com). Algeria finally gained its independence, through harsh struggles in 1962(http://www.mtholyoke.edu). Many young politicians devoted their lives to ridding their homeland of Foreign occupation, such as Kwame Nkrumah who in 1957 became the first prime minister of Ghana(Spodek pg. 750). Nkrumah joined Kenyan nationalist Jomo Kenyatta, a Ph.D. in anthropology to found an organization devoted to African freedom(Andrea pg. 250). In 1947 Nkrumah returned to the Gold Coast to pursue freedom, and in 1951 Nkrumah’s party won a decisive election; the Gold Coast governor released him from prison and appointed him governor(Bulliet pg. 833). Kwame Nkrumah (Dana Stone/stockphoto.com)

4. The Quest for Economic Freedom In Latin America Latin American Independence from European rule was achieved more than a hundred years earlier, but European and, by the nineteenth century American economic domination continued(Bulliet pg. 835). Chile’s copper, Cuba’s sugar, Colombia’s coffee, and Guatemala’s bananas were largely controlled from abroad(Bulliet pg. 835). In Mexico the revolutionary constitution of 1917 had begun an era of economic nationalism that culminated in the expropriation of foreign oil interest in 1938(Bulliet pg. 835). Mexico’s problems derived only partly from the effects of foreign influence, Guatemala’s situation was more representative(Andrea pg. 323). An American corporation, the United Fruit Company, was Guatemala’s largest landowner; it also controlled much of the nation’s infrastructure, including port facilities and railroads(2009 Princeton Review Edition pg. 258). Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, elected in 1951, was typical of Latin American leaders, including Peron of Argentina and Vargas of Brazil(Spodek pg. 794). Arbenz attempted land reform, which would have transferred these fallow lands to the nation’s rural poor; this threatened expropriation angered the U.S.(Spodek pg. 794) CIA intervention removed Arbenz, which condemned Guatemala to decades of government instability and growing violence between leftist and rightist elements in society(Spodek pg. 794). In 1943, a treaty was granted for preferential treatment to Cuban sugar on the American market in return for access to the Cuban market by American manufacturers, by 1956 sugar accounted for 80 percent of Cuba’s exports and 25 percent of Cuba’s national income(Bulliet pg. 835). In 1959 a popular rebellion led by Fidel Castro forced Batista to flee the country, as a result they quickly removed the existing military leadership, executed many Batista supporters, and created a new military(Spodek pg. 795). Jacobo Arbenz Guzman (Jack B./google.com/images)

5. Andrea Alfred J., and James H. Overfield. The Human Record: Sources of Global History. Fifth Edition. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005 Armstrong, Monty, David Daniel, Alexandra Freer, and Abby Kanarek. Cracking the AP World History Exam. 2009 Edition. New York: Random House, Inc., 2006 Bulliet, Richard W. Pamela Kyle Croosley, Daniel R. Headrich, Steven W. Hirsh, Lyman L. Johnson, David Northrup. The Earth and its Peoples: A Global History. Third Edition, Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Co, 2005 Spodek, Howard. The World’s History. Second Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001. "The War of Independence." Http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~easokolo/algeria/1962.htm. Ed. John M. 02 June 2009. The War of Independence. 02 June 2009. "Algerian War of Independence 1954-1962." Http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/alpha/algeria1954.htm. 02 Feb. 2009. Algerian War of Independence 1954-1962. 02 Feb. 2009. Ho. Co. "Indi-Paki Warfare." Www.Indosuk.com/history. 19 Jan. 2009. Www.Indosuk.com/history. 19 Jan. 2009. Decolonization and Nation Building (Jack B./google.com/images)