1. Biotechnology 6.3 - Advanced Molecular Biological Techniques

2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) a direct method of making many copies of a DNA sequence exponential increase because each cycle doubles the number of DNA molecules useful in forensics, medical diagnosis and genetic research because a small amount of DNA can be amplified

3. Taq polymerase from Thermus aquaticus (type of bacteria that live in hot springs) is not denatured at the high temperatures needed in PCR works optimally at 72ºC

4. PCR Image from: http://neodnaism.com/what-is/pcr

5. PCR Animations Look at step-by-step animation of PCR process first: http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/pcr.html Then this excellent interactive “virtual lab”: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/pcr/

6. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) polymorphism is any differences in DNA sequences between individuals non-coding regions are often highly polymorphic RFLP uses these differences to distinguish between individual DNA samples

8. RFLP animations (Image on previous slide from: http://homepage.smc.edu/hgp/tools.htm) Excellent simple narrated animation: http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/ch p16/1602001.html Simplified slide-show of RFLP: http://ihome.cuhk.edu.hk/~z045513/virtuallab/an imation/rflp.html

9. DNA Sequencing (Image on next slide from: http://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/publications/techmemos/tm17/figures/moranfig4.htm) Sanger dideoxy method was developed in 1977 by Frederick Sanger & colleagues most popular DNA sequencing method

11. Sanger dideoxy method Excellent simple narrated animation: http://smcg.cifn.unam.mx/enp-unam/03- EstructuraDelGenoma/animaciones/sec uencia.swf

12. Microarray Image from: http://www.uoguelph.ca/biophysics/central/facilities.htm

13. Microarray a tool for analyzing gene expression that consists of a small membrane or glass slide containing samples of many genes arranged in a regular pattern allow scientists to analyze expression of many genes in a single experiment quickly and efficiently

14. Microarray Animation Excellent interactive animation with simplified explanation of process: http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/gen omics/chip/chipQ.html